AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Creating Chemical Adhesion During Surface Preparation

Product Number: 51323-19535-SG

Author: Loren L. Hatle

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Historically the focus has been on the adverse anions (chlorides, sulfates nitrates) with little attention
Aggregated FeS and ionically bonded FeCl2 is a pervasive, difficult, and high-liability issue for pipeline,
petrochemical, power, shipping, and other industries. Situational variations (meteorological, geographical,
seasonal, etc.) can confound conventionally specified surface preparation attempts to achieve perfect or
near-perfect metal cleanliness, thus reducing expected coating life by 30 to 75 percent. Because
conventional surface preparation processes have historically been unable to adequately relieve
microcontamination of metal surfaces, organizations have settled for an uneasy balance between economic
and physical feasibilities that exclude the possibility of achieving ideal surface preparation outcomes and
rely more heavily upon barrier coatings to supply needed corrosion control.

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Creating Decorative Concrete: Materials and Methods

Product Number: 41206-240-SG

Author: Jamie Farny

Publication Date: 2006

$20.00

Using concrete for enhancing a property’s value has opened the door to a wide variety of new materials and techniques, which are described and compared here.

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Creating More Sustainable Industrial Coatings: Driving VOCs of High Performance Waterborne Direct-to-Metal Coatings Below 50 g/L

Product Number: 41215-923-SG

Author: Bridget Dombroski, Mary Kate McCrea, Leo J. Procopio

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

Lowering the volatile organic content (VOC) of industrial coatings has become a requirement in many reformulation and new coating development efforts, oftentimes in order to meet increasingly strict regulations. Driving VOC to lower levels and performance to higher levels can also offer a more sustainable coatings solution for the end-user. Lowering VOC and maintaining (or improving upon) high performance is often the goal when developing a new formulation, but the two objectives can be at odds with each other.

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Creep Life Assessment of Grade T91 Superheater Tubes Using Creep Void Density and Hardness Measurements – Case Studies

Product Number: 51323-19366-SG

Author: Ewa Labuda, Robert D. Bartholomew, and Emory H. Hull

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Long-term exposure of superheater tubes to normal operating conditions results in gradual changes in
the alloy's microstructure and properties eventually leading to creep cracking and failure. The method
used most frequently to predict the remaining life of these tubes is based on curves showing the variation
of the Larson-Miller parameter (LMP) with stress needed for creep rupture. This method works well for
Grades such as T11 and T22 alloy steels since the tube metal temperature can be reasonably well
estimated based on the ID scale thickness.

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Crevice and Pitting Corrosion of Stainless-Steel and Nickel based alloys in Deep Sea Water

Product Number: 51319-13123-SG

Author: Erwan Diler

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The exploration and exploitation of deep seawater presents promising prospects for many industries. Hence the use of reliable materials resistant to corrosion is required.In natural seawater many parameters can influence the kinetics of corrosion such as: temperature oxygen content biofilm and fouling activity flow rates and hydrostatic pressure.For passive material such as Cr Ni Mo stainless steels and nickel-based alloys the specificity of the above parameters in deep sea environment might have an impact on both initiation and propagation phases of localized corrosion e.g. pitting and crevice corrosion. Currently there are still many uncertainties on the corrosion behavior of these materials in deep seawater; Actually the results obtained in laboratory cannot be extrapolated to deep seawater since the levels measured in deep sea of some of these influential parameters weren’t reproduced accurately in these experimental studies. In parallel field data on the corrosion behavior in deep seawater is rather scarce especially for recent materials such as Lean Duplex Stainless Steel. For example phenomena that are induced by biofilm formation and can increase the localized corrosion risk such as the so-called potential ennoblement i.e. an increase in the open circuit potential (OCP) by about + 0.350 V and the increase of the cathodic current are not yet well documented.In this study 13-Cr Stainless Steel Austenitic Lean Duplex Duplex Super Duplex Super Austenitic Hyper Duplex Stainless Steels and Nickel based alloys were exposed during 11 months at 1020 and 2020 m water depth in the Atlantic Ocean. For comparison non-resistant materials such as carbon steel and 13-Cr were also exposed. The susceptibility to pitting and to crevice corrosion were assessed. PVDF crevice gaskets at two different pressures namely 3 and 20 N/mm² were used to assess the crevice corrosion. Potential monitoring was performed in-situ in order to characterize the formation of the biofilm at the material surface. At each exposure depth the environment was characterized using environmental sensors e.g. temperature flow velocity dissolved oxygen salinity and biofilm sensors.The obtained results allow i) ranking the passive material in terms of corrosion resistance to pitting and crevice in deep water at 4°C ii) comparing biofilm activity and kinetics of corrosion at 1020 and 2020 m depth.

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Crevice Corrosion of Alloy 625 Strake Bands in Sea Water

Product Number: 51320-14254-SG

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

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Product Number: 51324-20851-SG

Author: Sophia Xiaoxia Zhu; Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

It is well known that the residual salts on steel substrates have detrimental effects on the coating performance. There are several international standards on the measurement of residual salts. The most widely recognized ones are ISO 8502-6 and 8502-9. ISO 8502-6 specifies the soluble salts extraction procedures and ISO 8502-9 specifies the calculation of the soluble NaCl salt. The standards use 3 ml deionized (DI) water in 10 minutes dwell time to extract the soluble salts to measure with a potable conductivity meter. The measured conductivity reading in µS/cm is multiplied by 1.2 to convert into total (NaCl) salts in mg/m2. The ISO standards assume the extracted salt solution containing only Na+ and Cl- ions and use a simple analytical calculation to convert the conductivity to the total NaCl salt concentration on the contaminated steel surface. In fact, in addition to Na+ and Cl- ions, Fe+2, OH- ions are also in the extracted salt solution contributing to the conductivity reading, but not considered in the total salt calculation. The ISO standards on the total (NaCl) salt measurement are oversimplified that leads to inaccurate estimation of the residual salts. The chloride ions in aqueous condition can cause micro-pits on the carbon steel surface. The pit density and depth are related to the salt levels and corrosion reaction time. During the salt measurement, the DI water can not readily migrate to the micro-pits to extract salts, and the salt extraction efficiency depends on the corrosion severity. In this work we have investigated the salt extraction on doped salted steel panels with five known amounts of NaCl salt. We also used a chloride electrode to measure the chloride ion concentration. The test results showed that the salt extraction efficiency depends on the severity of the pitting corrosion. Based on the chloride level, the extraction efficiency is 90% at low salt content and 50-66% at higher salt content on the grit blasted panels using Bresle patch method. It is recommended to use the residual chloride concentration in the coating specifications as the acceptance criterion, not the total NaCl salt level. More research is to be done to investigate the residual chloride measurements to give the international coating community a more reliable test method in the field.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance