AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

Available for download

Clearing the Hurdles' – A Look at the South Valley Sewer District, Jordan Basin WRF Membrane Basins Rehabilitation Project

Product Number: 51219-192-SG

Author: Greg Hansen

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The South Valley Sewer District, located outside of Salt Lake City, Utah, experienced severe degradation of the concrete substrate the Membrane Basins at the Jordan Basin WRF. The Bowen Collins & Associates designed facility initially opened for service in July of 2012. By 2017 the facility was showing significant effects of concrete deterioration from chemical attack, caused by citric acid and sodium hypochlorite used as a part of the cleaning procedures in the membrane basins.

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Close Encounters of the Third ‘Crude-Oil’ Kind

Product Number: 41215-918-SG

Author: Mike O’Donoghue, Vijay Datta

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

This paper compares and contrasts the accelerated laboratory autoclave (NACE TM0185) performance at 300°F (149°C), and 250 psig, of eight polycyclamine cured epoxy linings. The latter were tested for tank, vessel and pipe spool applications in the oil and gas industry. Five of the linings were commercially available and three were experimental. A modified amine cured epoxy was also evaluated in the study, a lining used to transport shale oil in railcars at temperatures up to 200°F (93°C).

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Closed Cooling Loop Corrosion – A Laboratory Based Investigation Of Possible Causes

Product Number: 51321-16700-SG

Author: Gerard Runham; Hunter Thomson; Ian Carpenter; Paul Hammonds

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Closed Loop Corrosion Control: Case Studies Of A Reliable, Robust, & Sustainable Treatment Program

Product Number: 51322-17723-SG

Author: Michael P. Weberski Jr., Claire Rayner, Dan Meier, Renate Ruitenberg, Bingzhi Chen, Sai Sudhakaran, Steef Vrijhoeven

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

An emerging market driver in industrial water treatment is the move to more sustainable chemistries. Corporate sustainability goals are becoming more common and more stringent. Customers are turning to water treatment companies for innovative solutions that can satisfy their sustainability goals and not sacrifice performance or asset integrity. Indeed, a major trend in evaporative open cooling water treatment is to move away from heavy metals such as zinc and other environmentally questionable materials such as phosphates. Another area of cooling water that is in need of a sustainability refresh is closed cooling loops. The most widespread closed cooling treatment programs are based on combinations of nitrite, molybdate, and borate. All three of these chemicals have regulatory, discharge and/or SH&E concerns.

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CO2 and the Partial Pressure Bandit

Product Number: 41216-984-SG

Author: James McDonald, Michael Harrison, Douglas Mittlesteadt

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

Pressurized Atlas Cell Testing is commonly understood to be an aggressive accelerated test for lining systems due the combination of pressure, temperature and a thermal gradient across the coating film known as the Cold Wall Effect. This is especially true when Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is added to the gas phase, as CO2 is miscible with oil and soluble in water. A familiar gas mix of 5% CO2, 5% Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), and 90% Methane (CH4) are used in test protocols to simulate head space conditions of tanks and pressure vessels in oil and gas production conditions.

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CO2 corrosion H2S corrosion Organic Acid Corrosion - a Unifying Perspective on Corrosion Mechanisms in Weak Acid Solutions

Product Number: 51319-12876-SG

Author: Aria Kahyarian

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The recent developments in understanding the mechanism of mild steel corrosion in the presence of carboxylic acids carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide has challenged the conventional view to corrosion in such environments. In all of these corrosion scenarios the experimental and theoretical investigation of the electrochemical behavior of these systems has shown that the dissociation of the weak acids present in these solutions are the main cause for the observed high corrosivity. That is in contrast with the conventional mechanistic understandings where the observed high corrosivity was associated with the direct reduction of these species. In that sense the recent findings suggest that neither carboxylic acids carbon dioxide nor hydrogen sulfide are inherently corrosive they merely exacerbate an existing corrosion process. In this study it is shown that the buffering effect is an inherent property of any weak acid and it accounts for all characteristic behaviors observed in cathodic currents in the cases considered. The findings based on the individual cases discussed above can be recasted into a generic mechanistic view of corrosion in weak acid solutions. In order to elucidate this general property a comprehensive mathematical model was developed and used to discuss the expected behavior of a hypothetical weak acid depending on the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of its dissociation reaction. Furthermore a simple and generic categorization of weak acids is proposed to serve as a basis to assess the detrimental effect of any weak acid on mild steel corrosion.

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CO2 Transport and Injection, Effect of Impurities, Understanding of Reactions and Consequences

Product Number: 51323-18756-SG

Author: J. Sonke, Y. Zheng

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The effect of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere on temperature has been known for a long time. Although an increase in CO2 concentration has been observed since the 1960s, a clear change in trend of global temperature increase can be observed from around the 1990s. CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is a mature technology available to reduce emissions from large scale fossil-based energy and industry sources. Sufficient geological storage is available for these sources. Mitigation of CO2 emissions via CCS has been identified as crucial to limit global warming.3 In recent years a significant increase in CCS projects have been proposed and initiated.

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Coal Tar Enamel Service Life Extension

Product Number: 41215-931-SG

Author: Allen Skaja, Bobbi Jo Merten, David Tordonato

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

Coal tar enamel provides an extremely long service life, under the right conditions. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) has observed more than 80 years of corrosion protection at facilities such as Hoover Dam. The coal tar enamel linings in penstocks and outlet works that are buried, encased, or in tunnels maintain excellent condition with minor damage. However, when temperature fluctuates between hot and cold, the enamel is stressed and develops alligator cracking.

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Coating and Lining Specifications for Concrete

Product Number: 41209-496-SG

Author: Kevin Morris

Publication Date: 2009

$20.00

This paper will discuss various considerations that should be weighed when writing a specification to line a concrete tank, secondary containment or industrial floor.

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Coating Anomaly Detection with Integrated Indirect Inspection Tools

Product Number: 51319-12810-SG

Author: Chukwuma Onuoha

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Assessment of the external coating condition of underground pipelines depend on the use of approved external corrosion direct assessment (ECDA) indirect inspection techniques such as alternating current voltage gradient (ACVG) alternating current attenuation (ACCA) and direct current voltage gradient (DCVG). Efficient application of these techniques (especially ACVG and DCVG) to ensure optimal detection and prioritization of coating anomalies largely depend on a myriad of factors including: depth of cover probe spacing current level and soil resistivity.Research and industry experience have shown that normalization of key factors such as current level probe spacing and depth of cover led to accurate detection and prioritization of coating anomalies for ECDA and coating assessment projects. However there have been scenarios where known coating faults have not been detected with DCVG and ACVG even when key factors were considered during the indirect inspection.This paper will present case studies that showcase instances where the optimization of coating anomaly detection and prioritization methodologies led to a successful execution on ECDA projects and prevented unnecessary pipe bell-hole excavations. In addition lessons learned from scenarios where known coating faults were not detected with voltage gradient surveys will be presented.Key Words: Pipeline Integrity ACVG DCVG ACCA Cathodic Protection Indirect Inspection ECDA Pipeline Integrity Management Program.

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COATING CONCRETE AFTER 28 DAYS . . Why There Is No Magic In This Number

Product Number: 51218-134-SG

Author: Randy A. Nixon

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

This paper will discuss the many factors affecting the timing for concrete shrinkage (and related cracking) as well as the rate of loss of excess moisture which are not reliant on 28 days of concrete cure time. In addition, case histories will be presented evidencing successful coating applications on concrete well before 28 days of cure time versus coating problems experienced well beyond 28 days of concrete cure.

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Coating Condition Surveys

Product Number: 51324-20828-SG

Author: Griffin Collins; Cortney Chalifoux

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A coating maintenance strategy for aging military infrastructure and utilities systems is vital for the long-term performance of the asset. Integrity maintenance plans can enhance risk mitigation and mitigate costly environmental impacts. No well-developed maintenance strategy is complete without the implementation of periodic coating inspection and assessments, collectively referred to as Coating Condition Surveys (CCS), guided by United Facilities Criteria (UFC) and United Facilities Guide Specifications (UFGS). Regularly scheduled CCSs provide key information that not only helps owners better understand their assets, but also help engineers, specifiers, coatings applicators, and inspectors better perform their roles in corrosion mitigation. Additionally, the information provided by a CCS aids owners in making budgeting decisions for maintenance, helps designers plan for future repairs and inspections, and provides coatings contractors a clear understanding of the repairs necessary to extend the service life of an asset. This discussion will outline methods involved in performing on-site inspections and highlight the necessity of on-site inspections in corrosion mitigation. While this discussion will focus on inspection and repair strategies for existing coatings on steel substrates, the strategies outlined can be applied to enhance maintenance strategies of all infrastructure subject to corrosion.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance