AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

Available for download

A Method for Extrapolating ISO9223 Response Functions

Product Number: 51319-12834-SG

Author: Joseph Mazzella

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Estimating corrosion growth rate is a non-linear multi-dimensional (space and time) challenge. Above-ground outdoor assets are affected by natural atmospheric factors such as climate salinity and human factors such as pollution. ISO9223 provides guidance including response functions and a classification schema (C1 thru C5) for estimating corrosion risk as a function of three variables: weather (temperature and humidity) dry deposition of sulfides and dry deposition of chlorides. Climate data is widely available but dry deposition data is either not available or very expensive to collect requiring laboratory methods. Fortunately wet deposition data for chlorides and sulfides are available and accurately reported. In this paper a method for estimating ISO9223 compliant dry deposition data using wet deposition data and other climate-based factors is presented.An approach to extrapolate all ISO9223 inputs for any location in North America using GIS algorithms is also demonstrated. This method usesinverse distance weighted (IDW) techniqueto build estimates of parameters based on geospatial interpolation and linear models for estimation of atmospheric conditions. This provides the ability to estimate ISO9223 classification schema for any latitude and longitude pairs in North America leveraging the ISO9223 methodology using more widely available data. The potential benefits are significant from optimization of coating selections and maintenance schedules to construction considerations. As a case study the model was applied for a North American pipeline operator to develop an atmospheric corrosivity map of their assets. Future work includes direct collection of on-site growth rate data and improved ISO9223 response functions incorporating additional variables such as electromagnetic interference and NO-based pollution sources.

Available for download

A Methodology, Database, And Maps For Seasonally-Adjusted Soil Resistivity

Product Number: 51322-18216-SG

Author: Thomas Hayden, Alfonso Rojas Garcia, Steve Peaslee, Joseph Mazzella, Paul Murray, Robert R. Dobos

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The electrical conductivity of the electrolyte is one of the key parameters in the electromechanics of corrosion. Highly conductive electrolytes will permit more current and increase corrosion rates. Conversely, resistive electrolytes will enable less current to flow until the necessary conditions for corrosion are no longer satisfied or slowed.

Available for download

A Modified Thermodynamic Model for the Prediction of Mild Steel Corrosion Products at High Temperature in H2S Environment

Product Number: 51319-12869-SG

Author: Shujun Gao

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Predicting the corrosion products is of prime importance to understand the corrosion mechanisms and the protectiveness of the layer to the steel underneath. In an H2S environment however it is difficult to build a universal thermodynamic model (Pourbaix diagram) due to the polymorphous iron sulfide formation which is always kinetics related and time-dependent. What’s worse our recent high temperature studies show a thermodynamically less stable but kinetically favored inner Fe3O4 layer also comes into play and greatly affects the corrosion rate. In this work different partial pressures of H2S (pH2S=0.10~2.0 bar) and longer duration (21 days) experiments at high temperature were conducted to determine if Fe3O4 can eventually disappear as expected. The results show that Fe3O4 never disappeared but was always present as a “real” corrosion product layer. Therefore a modified thermodynamic model was proposed by reconsidering the Fe3O4 formation reaction and by keeping the Fe3O4 stability zone in Pourbaix diagram. The current model shows a better agreement with the experimental results.

Available for download

A Molecular Dynamics Approach to Understand Adsorption and Self-Assembly of Corrosion Inhibitors on Metal Surface

Product Number: 51319-12953-SG

Author: Himanshu Singh

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The use of organic corrosion inhibitors is an effective way of impeding internal corrosion of low alloy carbon steel pipelines in oil industries. Although being widely used the actual inhibition mechanism of these molecules is not clearly understood. In this work we have employed Molecular Dynamics simulations to understand the aggregation and adsorption behavior of organic corrosion inhibitors in aqueous medium. Near the metal-water interface different states of inhibitors such as micellar state adsorbed state Self-assembled monolayer state are in dynamic equilibrium with each other. The goal of this research is to determine free energy of each of these states.Using molecular simulations we have determined relative free energies of different states in which the inhibitor molecules may exist near metal water interfaces. Our free energy calculations show that micelles experience a long-range repulsion from the metal surface. There exists a free energy barrier for adsorption of micelles but no such barrier for un-aggregated inhibitors. In the SAM state presence of water molecules is noticed in between the inhibitors.

Available for download

A Multielectrode Array Sensor for Coating and Pretreatment Evaluation on Carbon Steels

Product Number: 51317--9011-SG

ISBN: 9011 2017 CP

Author: Yugo Ashida

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

In this study a coupled multielectrode array sensor (CMAS) is used for coating and pretreatment evaluation on carbon steels. The preliminary testing results are summarized and discussed for further application.

Available for download

A new 13Cr OCTG for High Temperature and High Chloride Environment

Product Number: 89469-SG

Author: K. Tamaki

Publication Date: 1989

$20.00

Newly developed 13%Cr steels with 0.010-0.18%C, 4%Ni, and 1%Mo show excellent corrosion resistance in severe sweet environments, such as temperature of 300F (150C), 20%NaCi, and 560psi (3.85MPa) PCO2, which the conventional API 5CT 13%Cr (0.15-0.22%c) can not withstand.

Available for download

A New Approach to the Development of Cost Effective Combined Scale and Corrosion Inhibitors

Product Number: 51319-13318-SG

Author: Miriam Barber

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

One of the recent challenges faced by the oil and gas industry includes the need to reduce operational costs by developing new cost effective combined scale and corrosion inhibitors with similar or improved performance compared to existing products in the market place.The formulation of combined scale and corrosion inhibitors is never an easy task since most scale and corrosion products are often incompatible and require complex formulations to ensure product stability and scale and corrosion inhibition performance. In addition most combined products are tested for individual scale or corrosion inhibition performance as either the individual products or the blend. In some cases compromise in corrosion testing may be made by modifying the brine chemistry to minimise the contributing effects of scaling on corrosion inhibition assessments. Although the above is a proven approach for product evaluations it does not often offer much flexibility in terms of product optimisation and cost reduction without significant test work.A new approach based upon compatibility screening and using a new test methodology for the simultaneous measurement of both scale and corrosion inhibition has been utilised to develop a new scale and corrosion inhibitor for both topside and sub-sea application.This process also takes into consideration cost and efficiency factors to provide efficient protection against scale and corrosion. In addition information is also provided on the kinetic processes of simultaneous scale and corrosion inhibition on a surface. Complimentary information on the analysis of the scale deposits have also been obtained using Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X Ray Analysis (SEM/EDAX) and X Ray Diffraction (XRD).The results obtained in this study showed that this new approach could be used for the quick and effective design of cost effective efficient combined scale and corrosion products while also providing a better understanding of the mechanisms of simultaneous scale and corrosion.Key words: Combined scale and corrosion inhibitors cost-effective SEM/XRD kinetics

Available for download

A New Biocide Enhancer for a Better Pipeline Treatment

Product Number: 51324-20576-SG

Author: Nik Nor Azrizam Nik Norizam; Hasrizal A Rahman; Azmi Mohammed Nor

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Biocide Enhancer (BioMETT) is a PETRONAS in-house chemical technology developed by PETRONAS Research Sdn Bhd (PRSB). BioMETT development took place back in 2015 where PRSB started to develop a biocide enhancer formulation that could enhance and boost up further the efficacy of current Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Sulfate (THPS) biocide used by operation in mitigating corrosion problem inside crude oil pipelines due to Microbial Induced Corrosion (MIC). PRSB continued to test out the formulation in the actual offshore field environment where the BioMETT technology was piloted in two separate fields namely field A and B. The purpose of the pilot is to evaluate further the effectiveness of BioMETT formulation (a mixture of THPS and enhancer) in reducing the current biocide dosage injection between 30% to 40% at both pipelines while still showing the same efficacy as that of existing dosage in maintaining the acceptable low Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) count reading of <10 cfu/ml. Feasibility study was conducted to ensure the enhancer do not cause any corrosively effect to the pipeline on its own or when mixing with THPS. Furthermore, the mixture was also compatible with other oilfield chemicals and did not cause physical problems such as foaming and emulsion. Upon completion of the pilot, the results obtained showed a successful reduction of 30% in the biocide dosage, translated into 30% reduction in the biocide injection cost per every operational pigging (OP).

Available for download

A New Film Thickness Gage With Built-in Temperature and Humidity Measurement

Product Number: 51220-293-SG

Author: Rick Trawick

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Currently, Ships’ Force (SF) conduct maintenance and repair painting during pier-side periods as well as while ships are underway. SF commonly use epoxy primers, such as MIL-DTL-24441, Type IV, for maintenance painting and in some cases, chloride contamination and surface profile is not adequately controlled. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) conducted a study to verify the efficacy of replacing the current epoxy primers commonly used by SF with more “user friendly” high-build, high-solid primers.

Available for download

A New High Performance Biguanide Polyammonium-Based Blend For Control Of Microbiological Fouling In Oil And Gas Stimulation

Product Number: 51321-16556-SG

Author: Christy C. Wentworth, Ph.D./ Jeffrey F. Kramer, Ph.D.

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

A New Look At The Scale Inhibition Mechanisms And Some Refinement Of The Scale Inhibition Theory

Product Number: 51321-16534-SG

Author: Maxim Oshchepkov/ Konstantin Popov

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

A New Look at Three Layer Polyethylene Coatings in Hot Water Immersion Test

Product Number: 51319-13503-SG

Author: Shaoguang Feng

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

With the broad use of three layer polyethylene (3LPE) coatings for external corrosion protection of oil and gas pipelines in the world more and more failures mainly relating to coating adhesion problem were observed. Substantialon-site failure case studies and investigations showed that 3LPE coatings generally retained good adhesion to steel pipelines without being put into service but complete disbondment of FBE primer to steel substrate usually occurred after 1–2 years service. In order to determine the mechanism of 3LPE adhesion loss this paper examined the influence of hot water immersion on performance of the 3LPE coatings by evaluating adhesion properties of the coatings before and after commissioning of the 3LPE applied pipelines at different periods.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance