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In the oil and gas industry there is information on current fundamental training for contractors and certification programs that cover industry standards and practical aspects of selecting, specifying and using coatings safely, effectively and economically to protect structures in harsh oil and gas atmospheric environments. These certification programs are for both inspectors and contractors that provide quality assurance/quality control on industrial coating projects. Once implemented with a properly well-written specification for a specific substrate (steel, metal, previously coated), ensures a quality project for the owner.
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This paper will provide information on current SSPC training and certification programs related to industry standards and practical aspects of selecting, specifying, and using coatings safely, effectively and economically to protect structures in harsh marine environments.
This paper will provide information on the standards used in evaluating and determining correct application and selection of protective coatings and linings used in the wastewater industry. It will also highlight certification that can be used in evaluating contractors and inspection companies used in the coating and lining process.
Cleaning, coating, and the nondestructive testing (NDT) of corrosion-susceptible surfaces requires extensive manual labor, often at vertical heights that create a dangerous occupational environment. Drones, also known as unmanned aerial systems (UAS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or small unmanned aerial vehicles (sUAV) can be leveraged to perform some of these tasks, including cleaning and coating, while keeping workers safely on the ground.
Erosion of piping systems is a significant issue for many operators of hydrocarbon infrastructure causing a significant loss in revenue and an increase in installations, repair and maintenance costs. Currently, the use of erosion resistant coatings, reduction of flow rates and replacement/repair are the only mitigation controls against erosion. INTECSEA has been developing a novel Erosion Control Technology (ECT) that can reduce the impact of erosion on piping via the strategic placement of custom engineered inserts into the product stream. The two phases of ECT prototype testing under real-field multiphase conditions representing gas condensate fields have been performed at the E/CRC (The University of Tulsa). The superficial gas velocity (VSG) was varied from 31 m/s to 23 m/s with the superficial liquid velocity (VSL) fixed at 0.04 m/s and the sand particles were varied from 300 μm to 75 μm. The metal loss due to erosion was monitored using a set of UT probes in two consecutive elbows spaced 11D apart oriented in a vertical-horizontal loop. The erosion tests using prototype ECT inserts have shown a significant reduction in erosion at both the gas flow conditions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been a backbone in developing this technology and CFD results have shown good correlation with the physical tests. Discussions with leading operators for a field trial targeted for 2020 is ongoing.
Dry film thickness (DFT) is an important parameter of coating application, and both low and high DFTs can result in coating failures. Typically, DFTs are measured in accordance with SSPC-PA 2, “Procedure for Determining Conformance to Dry Coating Thickness Requirements” (1), or other similar standards. Recent advancements in technology have resulted in DFT probes capable of achieving a higher rate of DFT data collection than previous devices.
In this paper, several cases will be showcased to highlight the contributing causes and underlying mechanisms of corrosion damage of components that resulted in significant releases of hazardous substances onto operator’s property, rights-of-way, and the environment. The objectives of this paper are to understand the causes of the failures and their consequences, to identify the risk factors involved, to discuss mitigative measures after failure, and to observe trends that may indicate the need for additional preventative and mitigative actions. The over-riding goal is to provide details in areas for potential improvement in pipeline operations to reduce risk and improve integrity management.
Alloy 718 is a common oilfield material for permanent and service equipment in need of high-mechanical ratings and resistance to corrosion especially environmentally-assisted cracking in sour gas wells. In past decade Alloy 718 production from traditional and newer mills has greatly increased in response to global demands; independently yet driven by similar market growth additive manufacturing (AM) has expanded beyond rapid prototyping to become an industrial production process namely in the aerospace. Today 718 bar stocks as per API6CRA are produced by over a dozen mills worldwide;similarly 718 powder products are increasingly offered by both traditional and newer mills with intents to servea multitude ofAM technologies. Due to the rise of new economic forces in the O&G there are today needs for evaluating (ultimately qualifying) newer 718 producing mills as well as 718 powders in combination with various AM technologies. Due to concerns overraw-material properties a study was conducted to analyze 718 materials from these various origins utilizing (1) mill cert big-data analyses (2) third-party recertified mechanical test data (3) a multitude of sour service test results outside the traditional NACE MR0175/ISO15156 operational service limits among others. The later raw-material test implemented in the early 2010s for screening and qualification purposes aims at quantitatively comparing 718 production heats of various origins and with additive manufacturing also generating interests since the early 2010sthe same tests have also beenextended to determine how layer-by-layer deposited materials compare to bar stock materials.
The U.S. Navy has determined that thermal spray coatings can be used as an alternative to traditional epoxy based nonskid coatings under high temperature applications to extend service life. Traditional nonskid coatings break down under the stresses leading to loss of adhesion, deck corrosion and reduced slip resistance. Using a twin-wire arc spray system, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) successfully applied an aluminum-based ceramic-metallic thermal spray material on the flight deck of USS Wasp (LHD 1).
Steam system in Utility Plant produces Super High Pressure (SHP), High Pressure (HP), Medium Pressure (MP), and Low Pressure (LP) steam. The header of every steam type has a control valve and a silencer downstream to open in case of high pressure. The MP steam header suddenly spiked up following a malfunction of the high range letdown valve from the HP header to the MP header. The MP header vent control valve opened up to control the header pressure. However, the opening of the vent valve led to severe damage to the internals of the silencer. Fortunately, there was no personnel injury or environmental impact, only equipment damage. The direct and root cause of the failure was identified after silencer was offered for internal inspection. Gross corrosion of silencer internals, and silencer design were the direct root causes of this failure. However, an effective mitigation and resolution was implemented by preventing condensate accumulation and providing a way to clean drain lines and prevent pluggage.