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Development of Iron Sulfide Scale Inhibitor For Ultra-Tight Sandstone

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Oilfield sulfide scale formation is peculiar to sour production scenarios, and for many oil and gas fields the issue of iron sulfide scale management downhole presents a major challenge. Historically iron sulfide scaling downwell have featured ‘reactive’ chemical dissolver interventions to recover well production once sulfide scale has deposited, and operators have published extensively on their experiences i.e. coiled tubing deployed dissolver technologies used in well clean-out treatments (Green, et.al. 2014, Wang et.al. 2017, Wang et.al. 2018, Buali et. al 2014).

Product Number: 51322-17896-SG
Author: Cyril Okocha, Tao Chen, Alex Thornton, Qiwei Wang
Publication Date: 2022
Industries: Cathodic Protection , Corrosion Monitoring and Control , Coatings and Linings , Coatings
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$20.00
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Iron sulfide scaling can manifest both downhole and topside in sour production scenarios. Topsides development can be mitigated via continuous strategic application of an appropriate sulfide scale inhibitor package, however downhole sulfide scaling presents a more complex challenge. Continuous downhole application of sulfide scale inhibitors via capillary string and valve, or routed to valve via existing gas lift architecture are two common delivery options available to the operator, but are unfortunately both limited to providing scale control at injection valve depth and up-string. More recent options for sulfide scale control from reservoir to wellhead include chemical impregnated proppant for prop-frack and gravel packed wells, however these approaches present a partial solution, and require topping-up of inhibitor chemical active once the emplaced inhibitor becomes exhausted. Scale squeezing is the industry recognized chemical technology for providing proactive scale control from reservoir to wellhead, however for sulfide scale control scenarios this technology option is currently poorly served as the industry lacks effective and robust sulfide squeeze scale inhibitors.

Iron sulfide scaling can manifest both downhole and topside in sour production scenarios. Topsides development can be mitigated via continuous strategic application of an appropriate sulfide scale inhibitor package, however downhole sulfide scaling presents a more complex challenge. Continuous downhole application of sulfide scale inhibitors via capillary string and valve, or routed to valve via existing gas lift architecture are two common delivery options available to the operator, but are unfortunately both limited to providing scale control at injection valve depth and up-string. More recent options for sulfide scale control from reservoir to wellhead include chemical impregnated proppant for prop-frack and gravel packed wells, however these approaches present a partial solution, and require topping-up of inhibitor chemical active once the emplaced inhibitor becomes exhausted. Scale squeezing is the industry recognized chemical technology for providing proactive scale control from reservoir to wellhead, however for sulfide scale control scenarios this technology option is currently poorly served as the industry lacks effective and robust sulfide squeeze scale inhibitors.

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F22 is a low alloy steel that typically contains 12% Carbon, 2.25% Chromium, and 1.0% Molybdenum1. This steel has been widely used in oil production systems, especially in well head design and construction. As a low alloy steel, F22 can be corroded by oilfield chemicals under certain circumstances. For example, it was observed in the Gulf of Mexico that typical scale inhibitor chemistries caused severe corrosion on F22.
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Product Number: 51322-17615-SG
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During the last decades, low alloyed steels with improved resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) have been developed for covering specific applications as heavy wall casings1 or expandable tubings2 or for reaching higher mechanical properties, such as 125 ksi Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS) materials.3-6 For the latter, relevant sour environments for developed grades are mild, meaning that all sour applications cannot be covered while a strong interest exists for O&G operators to use high strength materials when designing wells. Consequently, there is an incentive to push the limits of use of high strength sour service steels by enhancing their resistance to SSC. Several recommendations were already published when designing high strength sour service grades: hardness level shall be limited as much as possible and be preferentially below 22 HRC7, microstructure shall present a minimum required amount of martensite8 which is well known to be ideal for combining high mechanical properties and high resistance to hydrogen. Besides, many authors highlighted some other influencing parameters related to the material or the process.
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