AMPP Store - Conference Papers

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Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Behavior of Welded Line Pipe Steel in Sour Environments

Product Number: 51317--9200-SG

ISBN: 9200 2017 CP

Author: Thodla Ramgopal

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Frequency scan fatigue crack growth rate tests were performed at a fixed stress intensity factor range to determine the effect of frequency in two different sour environments. Both sour environments had the same partial pressure of H2S (0.21psia) but different pH values.

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Fatigue Crack Initiation In Zr-2.5Nb Tested In Heavy-Water At 300°C

Product Number: ED22-17233-SG

Author: H.M. Nordin, A.J. Phillion, Q. Wang, M. Lenzi, H.Yu, T.M. Karlsen

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Pressure tubes, manufactured from Zr-2.5Nb, are used within a CANDU power reactor to contain the fuel bundles and coolant forming the primary pressure boundary in the core with an expected operating lifetime of 25 years. As part of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) fitness-for-service requirements for pressure tubes, flaws or stress risers that potentially lead to cracks cannot exist in pressure tubes in operating reactors. Flaws may include: fuel bundle scratches, crevice corrosion marks, fuel bundle bearing pad fretting flaws and debris fretting flaws.

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Fatigue Loading of Test Specimens with Galvanically Induced Corrosion Damage Provides New Insight to Guide Fracture Mechanics Modeling

Product Number: 51324-20989-SG

Author: Thomas Curtin; Sharon Mellings; Ivan Karayan; Robert Adey; Joe Indeck

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Airframe structural components commonly experience galvanic damage at dissimilar metal connections following deterioration of insulating sealants or breakdown in coating protection systems. Of particular concern is the often-hidden corrosion damage that occurs inside fastener holes. Aggressive electrolytes can develop in these occluded spaces leading to the formation of multiple crack initiation sites and a compromise in the structural integrity of the component. To investigate this type of damage, laboratory testing was undertaken to evaluate fatigue life in AA 7075-T651 dog-bone specimens that included side holes fitted with CFRP inserts. The CFRP insert was used to introduce galvanic damage under thin film atmospheric corrosion conditions but removed prior to actual fatigue testing. Fatigue tests were conducted under constant amplitude loading, at R-ratios of 0.05, 0.6, and 0.89, in both air and 4.5M NaCl solution. Using a three-dimensional, fatigue crack growth (FCG) program, BEASY, complex crack propagation path evolution, and transition from surface flaw to through-crack was accurately represented. By selecting appropriate crack growth kinetics, the environmental effects on fatigue life were quantitatively determined for different modeling scenarios. Fractographic images of crack initiating features (corrosion pits, constituent particle clusters) were used to guide the location and sizing of initial flaws. Fatigue crack growth kinetic data, collected in both air and NaCl solution, was used to drive crack growth simulations. Modeling scenarios included the propagation of both single dominant flaws and multiple interacting flaws; the FCG life was evaluated for each case. This modeling work provides new insight for understanding how advanced fracture mechanics modeling capability can be used to improve life prediction of corroded components.

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Fatigue Properties of Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys and their Application in Design and FFS

Product Number: 51323-19188-SG

Author: Nathaniel G. Sutton, Phillip E. Prueter

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Zirconium and Zirconium alloys have been used successfully in a range of corrosive environments, both as base materials and as cladding on other backing materials. Zirconium is used extensively as fuel-rod “cladding” in nuclear reactors. In the chemical process industries, Zirconium and its alloys are used in urea production, acetic acid and vinyl acetate production, and various sulfuric, hydrochloric, and organic acid services.

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Fe3O4, FeCO3 or FeS - Which Corrosion Product Will Prevail at High Temperature in CO2/H2S Environments?

Product Number: 51320-14413-SG

Author: Shujun Gao, Bruce Brown, David Young, Srdjan Nesic, Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Sweet (CO2) and sour (H2S) corrosion have continuously been a challenge in oil and gas production and transportation. Yet, some key issues are still not well understood, especially at high temperature production conditions. A CO2/H2S ratio of 500, which has been used (often inaccurately) to determine which corrosion mechanism is dominant, is probably even less valid at high temperature. The nature of the corrosion products forming at high temperature in CO2/H2S environments and their effects on the corrosion rate are not known. Finally, the impact on pipeline integrity of environmental changes between sweet and sour production conditions (simulating reservoir souring) has not been well documented. CO2, H2S, and CO2/H2S corrosion experiments were conducted at 120oC to investigate corrosion mechanisms and corrosion product layer formation at high temperature. The results show that the corrosion products were still clearly dominated by H2S under the pCO2/pH2S ratio of 550. Formation of Fe3O4, FeCO3, and FeS corrosion product layers had a direct impact on the measured corrosion rates and was dependent on the gas composition and on the sequence of exposure (CO2 then H2S and vice versa). Compared with H2S corrosion alone, the presence of CO2 could retard Fe3O4 formation in CO2/H2S mixture environment. No obvious change in steady state corrosion rate was observed when the corrosion environment was switched from CO2 to H2S and vice versa.

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Feasibility Assessment for Cathodic Protection of High Level Nuclear Waste Tanks

Product Number: 51324-21160-SG

Author: Kenton Lawson; Bruce Wiersma; Barbara Nicole Padgett; Sandeep Chawla; John Beavers

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper summarizes an assessment of the feasibility of implementing cathodic protection (CP) as an internal corrosion prevention strategy for nuclear waste storage tanks. The study investigates the principles of cathodic protection and its applicability to the unique environment of nuclear waste storage. By reviewing the relevant literature, this research explores the various threats and challenges associated with implementing CP in this specific context. A boundary element analysis (BEA) model of a steel tank with a simplified impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system was developed using polarization curves that were experimentally measured from coupons in simulated waste. This model was developed to evaluate the interaction of electrochemical potentials of the various waste layers within the tank. The modeling results indicate that the simulated ICCP system is capable of shifting the polarized potentials of the internal tank surfaces to levels required to mitigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion.

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Feasibility Evaluation of Rapid Cure Coating for Ship’s Water Ballast Tank

Product Number: 41207-382-SG

Author: Seong-Mo Son, Mong-Kyu Chung, Ki-Hong Kim, Chil-Seok Shin, Jea-Jin Baek ,Kwang-Ki Baek

Publication Date: 2007

$20.00

In new shipbuilding industries, conventional solvent-born coatings require longer curing period at low temperature season, which creates the needs for fast curing coatings to meet work schedule. In this study, several kinds of solvent free rapid cure epoxy coatings and polyurea coatings were evaluated in terms of feasibility for ship’s water ballast tanks (WBT).

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Feasibility Journey - Feasibility of Repurposing Existing Natural Gas Network to Transport Hydrogen - Natural Gas Blends at the Distribution Level

Product Number: 51324-20936-SG

Author: Saba N. Esmaeely; Shane Finneran; Andrew Cummings; Daan Jonas Hottentot Cederløf ; Sander Gersen

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Decarbonization of energy systems requires transitioning existing energy systems to use with low carbon sources. As part of such transitions, existing natural gas networks are being evaluated for compatibility with transporting hydrogen – natural gas (H2 – NG) blends, as a steppingstone to potentially transport 100% hydrogen. Utilizing the existing networks provides opportunities for time and cost-efficient transitions overcoming the high cost of, and public resistance to, building new infrastructures. A comprehensive, system-wide assessment of existing infrastructure is the first step in determining the feasibility of such transitions, from both technical and safety aspects. Such an assessment should consider the potential challenges that are generally recognized with hydrogen or hydrogen - natural gas blends and evaluate potential impacts on the materials, operational, and safety and system performance characteristics of the systems. A thorough assessment should encompass a study of the entire network including the feasibility from multiple facets in order to provide an acceptable range of H2 concentration (H2%) to be safely blended with natural gas without substantial modification to the existing infrastructure. This should include the compatibility of the material and equipment throughout the entire network with H2, considering material interaction, system integrity, process and performance, equipment accuracy and functionality, chemical compatibility, storage and handling, and customer (i.e., end-use) compatibility. The current paper portrays the steps and challenges that should be considered in the feasibility assessment of each material population, end use and equipment population at the distribution level.

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Federal Government Contracting ‘Contract Solicitation Basics

Product Number: 41207-366-SG

Author: Phillip K. Parson, John S. Tanner

Publication Date: 2007

$20.00

To the contractor inexperienced in dealing with the federal government, the contracting process can be confusing and quite time consuming. However, a systematic approach can reduce confusion and reduce the time needed to begin bidding on federal government contracts. This streamlined approach will aid the prospective federal contractor in securing a contract and avoiding costly errors.

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FEM Simulation Analysis Of The Pipe-Casing Under Cathodic Protection

Product Number: 51322-17713-SG

Author: Andrea Brenna, Luca Paterlini, Mehdi Attarchi, Marco Ormellese

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A crossing between buried pipelines and transportation arteries such as railways and highways is a common reality. Nowdays it is ordinary practice, and standards are available for such pratctise¹, to protect such pipelines by encasing them in a wider pipe, named Casing. The goal is to protect the carrier pipe providing an outer shell capable of withstanding mechanical stresses and eventual corrosion, without leakage risk. In usual conditions this kind of safety measure should not be necessary, still due to the difficult maintenance and monitoring accessibility below railways and highways it becomes a dependable protection method and device.

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Ferrite Measurement in Duplex Stainless Steels

Product Number: 51319-13437-SG

Author: Kasra Sotoudeh

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Duplex stainless steels typically contain 50% austenite and 50% ferrite. Phase balance is important in duplex stainless steels as it helps to impart optimum mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Welding may alter the phase balance and so it is necessary to assure that phase balance is still within acceptable ranges. Ferrite measurement practice will be reviewed in terms of existing established techniques and recent advances in materials characterisation tools. Measurement precision and accuracy will be discussed.

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Ferrite Phase Fraction Quantification in Stress Corrosion Cracked Duplex Welds

Product Number: 51319-13263-SG

Author: Majid Abbasi

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Recent experiences with duplex 2205 stainless steel welds have shown that stress corrosion cracking can occur which may lead tocatastrophic failures. Known microstructural parameters such as ferrite phase fraction seems to play a significant role in crack propagation. Therefore quantifying ferrite phase fraction is an important step in ensuring weld quality. Several methods such as ASTM E562 point count electro-etching color-etching and optical image analysis as well as electron backscattred diffraction (EBSD) are utilized to quantify the ferrite fraction in duplex welds that have failed in service. Results of quantification by these methods are compared in terms of accuracy versatility and ability to apply in-field. Quantification results in cross-sectional samples indicate that local ferrite phase fraction is more meaningful than average fraction as cracks tend to propagate along high ferrite regions. Investigations on a number of cracked welds reveal that initiated cracks from the root pass reach the high ferrite region in coarse-grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) and propagate along this region into filling passes. Further detailed microstructural results will be presented and discussed.Keywords: Duplex 2205 Stainless Steel; Welding; Ferrite Fraction; Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC).

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Individual Conference Papers

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Behavior of Welded Line Pipe Steel in Sour Environments

Fatigue Crack Initiation In Zr-2.5Nb Tested In Heavy-Water At 300°C

Fatigue Loading of Test Specimens with Galvanically Induced Corrosion Damage Provides New Insight to Guide Fracture Mechanics Modeling

Fatigue Properties of Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys and their Application in Design and FFS

Fe3O4, FeCO3 or FeS - Which Corrosion Product Will Prevail at High Temperature in CO2/H2S Environments?

Feasibility Assessment for Cathodic Protection of High Level Nuclear Waste Tanks

Feasibility Evaluation of Rapid Cure Coating for Ship’s Water Ballast Tank

Feasibility Journey - Feasibility of Repurposing Existing Natural Gas Network to Transport Hydrogen - Natural Gas Blends at the Distribution Level

Federal Government Contracting ‘Contract Solicitation Basics

FEM Simulation Analysis Of The Pipe-Casing Under Cathodic Protection

Ferrite Measurement in Duplex Stainless Steels

Ferrite Phase Fraction Quantification in Stress Corrosion Cracked Duplex Welds

Association for Materials Protection and Performance