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The polyurea technology is not new to pipelining work, with earlier basic applications dating back more than 15 years. Much of this work was either performed by hand spraying (large diameter pipe) or simple robotic systems for individual joint sections of pipe. Continued work over the years has proven that in-place pipelines can be commercially completed as well. More recent work has even shown that in addition to long, straight runs, robotic developments have allowed for lining both 45° and 90° radius bends in the pipeline system.
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Cooling water systems are commonly used to cool a process, either steam, gas or liquid, through heat exchangers or condensers in various plants. The heat exchangers or condensers can be corroded easily or have scale and biofilm growth due to the poor water treatment program. The corrosion, scale, and biofilm growth on heat exchangers can lead to significant reduction in heat exchanger efficiency and lifetime. The repair expense or loss of production often costs plants a few hundred thousand or millions of dollars per day for heavy industries, such as chemical and power plants, refineries, and steel mills. Thus, cooling water treatment is critical to maintain the integrity and efficiency of heat exchangers.
Top of line corrosion (TLC) is a specific corrosion mechanism observed in the oil and gas industry. This phenomena occurs under stratified or wet-gas flow regimes when the upper internal pipeline walls are sufficiently cooled (by heat transfer to the surrounding outer environment), promoting local condensation of water vapor. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and organic acids dissolving into the condensed water generate a change in the solution chemistry, ultimately influencing the corrosion kinetics of the contacting carbon steel.
DOWNLOADABLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. The purpose of thie Recommended Practice is to present procedures and practices for achieving effective control of external corrosion on buried or submerged metallic piping systems.
Standard for achieving effective control of external corrosion on buried or submerged metallic piping systems or other buried metallic structures. System design. Coatings. Cathodic protection criteria & installation. Control of interference currents. HISTORICAL DOCUMENT
Characteristics of water blasting methods. Equipment required. Operating procedures. Safety precautions and methods. Time requirement tables. Classifications of items, structures and surface conditions successfully cleaned. Historical Document 1972
Requirements for the design, fabrication, and surface finish of tanks to be lined for immersion service. Tanks may be lined for corrosion control or to prevent product contamination. Historical Document 1995
Procedures for applying liquid coatings to the interior of various types of oilfield production equipment used primarily for the processing and storage of corrosive fluids in oilfield operations. Historical Document 1994
Material characteristics, application, handling, shipping, installation for polyolefin resin coating extruded over soft adhesives for the prevention of external corrosion of underground or submerged pipelines. Historical Document 1996
Electrical testing to determine the presence and number of discontinuities in a coating film performed on a nonconductive coating applied to a conductive surface. Historical document 1990
Electrical testing to determine the presence and number of discontinuities in a coating film performed on a nonconductive coating applied to a conductive surface. Historical document 1999
Control of external corrosion on joints, fittings, and valves in underground metallic piping systems by the application of protective coatings. Selection, Application. Inspection. Historical Document 1990