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Black Powder-Revisited

Picture for Black Powder-Revisited
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Product Number: 51321-16974-SG
Author: Yahya T. Al-Janabi; Noktan Alyami; Matteo Leoni; Anaam Al-ShaikhAli; Eid F. Al-Helal; Taib B. Abang
Publication Date: 2021
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De-ethanizer reboilers in a Natural Gas Liquid Fractionation (NGLF) plant fouled repetitively. Samples
of deposited sludge were collected and analyzed. Results of the sludge samples analyses reveal a
chemical composition typical of black powder: Magnetite (Fe3O4), Goethite ( -FeOOH) and trace
amounts of Quartz (SiO2). By process of elimination, pipeline loops were the suspected source of
these solids. The results show that Fe3O4 is the main component which normally originates in these
cases from a process of dissolved oxygen corrosion due to the presence of very small amounts of
oxygen and water in the pipeline. The presence of oxygen and water in the pipeline could be due to the
exposure of the pipeline to the atmosphere during pipeline construction or other major repairs. Silicon
dioxide (SiO2) is a natural compound of silicon and oxygen found mostly in sand which again could
enter into the pipeline during construction or major repairs. For comparison and possible new insights,
results of previous studies conducted internally were also reviewed. Based on identified types of
corrosion and chemical reactions products, a reversed sequence of events was reconstructed. The
main corrosion mechanisms proposed are oxygen corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, and
microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC), as well as erosion of mill scale by sand particles. The
laboratory analyses were conducted using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray
Fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Environmental
Scanning Electron Microscopy integrated with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (ESEM/EDS).

De-ethanizer reboilers in a Natural Gas Liquid Fractionation (NGLF) plant fouled repetitively. Samples
of deposited sludge were collected and analyzed. Results of the sludge samples analyses reveal a
chemical composition typical of black powder: Magnetite (Fe3O4), Goethite ( -FeOOH) and trace
amounts of Quartz (SiO2). By process of elimination, pipeline loops were the suspected source of
these solids. The results show that Fe3O4 is the main component which normally originates in these
cases from a process of dissolved oxygen corrosion due to the presence of very small amounts of
oxygen and water in the pipeline. The presence of oxygen and water in the pipeline could be due to the
exposure of the pipeline to the atmosphere during pipeline construction or other major repairs. Silicon
dioxide (SiO2) is a natural compound of silicon and oxygen found mostly in sand which again could
enter into the pipeline during construction or major repairs. For comparison and possible new insights,
results of previous studies conducted internally were also reviewed. Based on identified types of
corrosion and chemical reactions products, a reversed sequence of events was reconstructed. The
main corrosion mechanisms proposed are oxygen corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, and
microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC), as well as erosion of mill scale by sand particles. The
laboratory analyses were conducted using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray
Fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Environmental
Scanning Electron Microscopy integrated with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (ESEM/EDS).

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Study On Elemental Sulfur Formation From Black Powder Deposits

Product Number: 51322-17678-SG
Author: Yousef Khuraibut
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Black Powder is a phenomenon that all oil and gas companies are facing and presenting a variety of problems in associated processing equipment and pipelines, such as flow inefficiency, product contamination, wear, plugging and under deposit corrosion, among others. Another major concern is the possible formation of elemental Sulfur (S8), which could be produced as a by-product of oxidation of iron sulfides. It also can be produced from H2S dissociation at elevated temperatures or by microbiological reactions, involving the reduction of sulfate.
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090560 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Formation of Black Powder in Sales Gas Pipelines

Product Number: 51300-0090560-SG
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Author: Abdelmounam, M. Sherik and Boyd R. Davis
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