Environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) of nickel-base alloys has been observed in the primary coolant of light water reactors (LWRs). One of the main issues is primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) of Alloy 182 which has been a concern for a long time. For assumed or existing defects, disposition curves (crack growth rate as function of stress intensity factor) are available.
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Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium Sulfate (THPS) is a very common active ingredient in oil and gas biocides. While product labels provide broad guidelines application dosing the lowest effective dose of THPS is difficult to determine. Site water chemistry and bacteria biology variability will affect the dose need to achieve the desired level of bacteria population control. For these reasons biocide dose response studies are commonly conducted on solutions containing bacteria to determine the effect of treatments before application.
Chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete structures usually experiences two stages: pitting corrosion initiation and propagation.1-2 Initiation of pitting corrosion occurs as the chloride content on the surface of a steel bar exceeds a critical value (or chloride threshold) and breaks down the passive film locally.3-4 Depending on environmental factors at the steel-concrete interface, such as temperature, moisture, and availability of oxygen, pitting corrosion initiation is not stable in the very beginning and some corrosion pits may continue to develop and become stable, while others cease.
In oil and gas production, corrosion is a major cause of failures. These failures result in significant environmental contaminants, safety problems, increase in the high operating costs and decrease in the production rates. Extensive literature is available about various corrosion drivers and their mechanisms, helping operators to avoid or mitigate these catastrophic failures.
Following the worlds growing need for sustainable energy solutions, offshore wind farms are important contributions to the generation of renewable energy. One key element for a profitable and sustainable operation of offshore wind farms is that the installations are protected with the most cost-effective corrosion protective solution for the entire lifetime. In practice, this means that today’s projects are planned with an estimated lifetime of a minimum of 25 years without major maintenance of the corrosion protective solution.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the most aggressive forms of corrosion leading to infrastructure and equipment damage in various industries, including but not limited to the oil and gas industry,1 water systems,2 medical devices,3 marine environments,4 nuclear waste storage facilities,5 and aviation fuel systems6 and storage.7 MIC received great attention because of the increasing cost associated with corrosion damage, particularly in oil and gas industry. The overall cost of corrosion has been estimated to be approximately 3.4% in the global Gross National Product8 which equates to approximately $2.9 trillion in 2018.9 A conservative estimate shows that 20% of all corrosion in aqueous system is MIC,10 which accounts to billions of dollars in the US.
The function of the NSV (hose-end non-return valve, first used in the North Sea) is to create a safetyconnection between the FPSO and the shuttle tanker during mooring and oil transfer. This connectionis made using the Loading System at the Bow of the tanker vessel through the BLS (Bow LoadingSystem). After carrying out all necessary checklist and communicating with the tanker, the marine crewfrom FPSO start to pay the offloading mooring cable that connects on Dynamic Positioning ShuttleTanker (DPST).
Today hydrogen for use as fuel for vehicles is getting more and more attention as an alternative to vehicles using fossil-based fuels. Hydrogen is used in both electric fuel cell cars and in heavy vehicles using direct combustion of hydrogen. Such vehicles require stainless tubing for transport of the hydrogen and for bosses to composite tanks in addition to tubing and fittings in hydrogen fueling stations.
In this paper, several cases will be showcased to highlight the contributing causes and underlying mechanisms of corrosion damage of components that resulted in significant releases of hazardous substances onto operator’s property, rights-of-way, and the environment. The objectives of this paper are to understand the causes of the failures and their consequences, to identify the risk factors involved, to discuss mitigative measures after failure, and to observe trends that may indicate the need for additional preventative and mitigative actions. The over-riding goal is to provide details in areas for potential improvement in pipeline operations to reduce risk and improve integrity management.