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Proposed Inclusion of UNS S82031 Into ASTM A1084

Product Number: 51324-21017-SG

Author: Jan Y Jonsson; Claes Tigerstrand; Björn Helmersson; James Oliver

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

For new products there are always a need to include them in relevant standards. One of the major areas of standards are the ones verifying that the final solution annealing has been adequate not creating detrimental levels of precipitates. For duplex stainless steels the ASTM A923 and ASTM A1084 serve well for this purpose. The relatively new duplex steel UNS S82031 should be fitted in either of the two standards. It has been shown earlier that ASTM A1084, intended for leaner duplex steels, which does not precipitate intermetallic phases, fits better as these do not precipitate easily in UNS S82031. A modified, somewhat more aggressive, test solution for method C has also been evaluated and is proposed as a more relevant solution for the inclusion of UNS S82031 and possibly also other mid-range duplexes into ASTM A1084.

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Proposed Test Protocol for Evaluating Internal Coating Systems for Railcar Sour Oil Applications

Product Number: 51324-20646-SG

Author: Amal Al-Borno; Moavin Islam; Henry Pedraza

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Crude oil is usually transported by pipelines from the production areas to refineries. However, in North America, particularly Canada, a significant amount of crude oil is transported via specially designed railcars. The internals of the railcars are typically coated with a high-quality coating system to prevent corrosion. Still, coating failures do occur due to the unique cyclic operating service conditions of the railcars. Thus, elevated temperatures are used to reduce fluid viscosity with a resultant increase in the vapor pressure while the loading of the oil in the railcars. Once loaded, the crude is transported under ambient temperature and pressure until the railcars reach their destination. During off-loading, elevated temperatures are again used for reducing the viscosity of the oil. After emptying the contents, the railcars are allowed to return to ambient conditions and sent back to the production area to repeat the loading, transportation, unloading cycle. Currently, there is no established test protocol to evaluate candidate coating systems for railcar internals under simulated operating conditions. Testing is usually done under a single set of operating conditions of loading or unloading and does not include the synergistic effect of the different temperature variations. This paper presents a detailed test protocol for evaluating candidate coating systems for railcar internals. The proposed test protocol was designed to simulate the expected service conditions of railcars using a modified NACE TM0185-2006 test procedure, “Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods by Autoclave Testing”. The modification includes the cyclic service condition of railcars – fuel loading, loaded transportation, off-loading, dry heat and empty transportation.

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Protecting Steel Reinforcement by Coating Concrete with Thermal Spray Zinc

Product Number: 51324-20750-SG

Author: Bernardo Duran; Wade Campbell; Evan Stuart

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper, which serves to accompany a presentatiopn at the AMPP Annual Conference 2024, discusses the preperation and coating of coincrete with thermal spray zinc to protect the underlying steel reinforcement from corrosion on two bridges in regon. Descriptions cover the inspection, preperation, and repair of the concrete, and then follow up woth explanations on the application of the thermal zinc coating. Lastly, the presentation will summarize how the anode provided by the zinc coating protects the underlying steel reinforcement, and how it can be maintained and inspected over ites expected service life.

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Protective Coatings Against Formation of Scale Deposits

Product Number: 51323-19528-SG

Author: P.D. Natsi, E. Zande, P.G. Koutsoukos

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Polymers have played an essential role in development of technology, applied engineering, and materials. Metallic counterparts in medical, construction, energy, water treatment, and electronic applications, are often replaced by polymers. Their characteristics such as wide range of elasticity, strength and degradability make them ideal for numerous applications.

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PWSCC Crack Growth Rate Testing Of Wrought And HIP Alloy 625 In A PWR Environment.

Product Number: ED22-18522-SG

Author: J. Borg, S. Medway, F. Pickering, C. Smith

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

This paper will discuss the crack growth rates measured for four different heats of HIP material and discuss possible relationships with hardness and stress intensity factor, along with considerations of grain size and features observed on the fracture surface.

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Qualification Methods of Seamless Tubes for H2 Gas Applications

Product Number: 51324-20737-SG

Author: Florian Thebault; Vincent Designolle

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Sour service is frequently perceived as an appropriate material selection by default for high pressure hydrogen service. So a documented review of sour versus hydrogen gas charging is given, in terms of their respective hydrogen fugacities, hydrogen sources, surface states and crack tip blunting. This global view is susceptible to affect the selection of the test methodology for material qualification. Constant displacement and step loading fracture mechanics tests were performed on an OCTG K55 at room temperature and 100 bar of H2 gas. Results differ with the test method, which was found to be linked to the steepness of the crack growth resistance curve.

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Qualification of Low Temperature Cure, Thin-Film Linings for Aboveground Storage Tanks

Product Number: 51323-18767-SG

Author: Haralampos Tsaprailis, Shan Rao, Jiajun Liang

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

This paper presents the laboratory qualification program utilized to compare four lining systems for application down to -10°C (14°F). The lining systems were applied and cured at -10 °C (14 °F). Cure of the lining systems was monitored using differential scanning calorimetry and adhesion testing, while the performance of the linings was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and autoclave and standard atlas cell testing. One of the four lining systems, Product C, a 71% volume solids epoxy that contained zinc phosphate, exhibited the most potential for low temperature field implementation.

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Quantifying Effect of Hydrogen and Sulfur in Mitigating Free Fatty Acid Corrosion in Renewable Diesel Applications

Product Number: 51324-20864-SG

Author: Sridhar Srinivasan; Winston Robbins; Gerrit Buchheim

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Production of Renewable Diesel (RD) and Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) from bio / natural oils has seen significant investment in recent years, stemming from worldwide government mandated need to reduce fossil fuel CO2 emissions. New investments have occurred in retrofitting / adapting existing refinery hydroprocessing infrastructure to process natural oils or coprocess natural oils blended with crudes to produce RD and SAF. This stems from the fact that natural oils have the hydrocarbon (HC) structures to fit within the mid-distillate fuel product such as diesel and aviation fuel as well as that these processes are optimized for removal of unwanted Sulfur and Oxygen removal. In Corrosion/2023, the authors introduced a molecular mechanistic model to quantify FFA corrosion as a function of temperature and FFA concentration. This model exploited the similarity of FFA to carboxylic acids, akin to naphthenic acids found in conventional refinery crude unit process streams, especially in case of unsaturated FFA. A key aspect of modeling corrosion for FFA is the inhibitive role of hydrogen in the presence of Iron sulfide species. While natural oils do not contain sulfur compounds, presence of reactive sulfur species such as thiols and sulfides in coprocessing applications provides an easy pathway to provide for the formation of a potentially protective nano barrier layer of FeS. Further, the presence of FeS acts as a catalyst towards dissociation of molecular H2 to atomic H and subsequent reduction of FFA through atomic hydrogen. A threshold H2 partial pressure is required to ensure hydrogen reduction of FFA is kinetically dominant when compared to acid corrosion of Fe. Residence time of acid is another key parameter that will impact propensity for corrosion and / or H2 inhibition and is considered in the development of the prediction model. A framework incorporating the effects of H2 partial pressure, residence time and reactive S concentration is proposed for assessing FFA corrosion for various commonly utilized natural oils in renewable applications.

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Quantifying High Temperature Corrosion in Renewable Diesel and Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production

Product Number: 51323-19457-SG

Author: Sridhar Srinivasan, Winston Robbins, Gerrit Buchheim

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In Corrosion/2021, the authors introduced a molecular mechanistic model that quantifies and predicts simultaneous naphthenic acid and sulfidation (SNAPS) corrosion rates. During Corrosion/2022, we presented the mechanistic corrosion prediction framework describing the molecular basis of the model’s reactions, kinetics, and mass transport of reactive organic sulfur compounds (ROSC) to vessel walls. In this molecular model, sulfidation corrosion is calculated for direct heterolytic reaction of ROSC with solid surfaces.

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Quantitative Assessment Of Failure Probability Of Underground Natural Gas Storage Wells Using An Integrated Bow-Tie Bayesian Network Approach

Product Number: 51322-17849-SG

Author: Francois Ayello, Narasi Sridhar, Arun Agarwal, Vincent Demay

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Underground natural gas storage (UGS) is an important component of the overall natural gas transportation and distribution system. It enables the utilities to supply natural gas during high seasonal demand periods and store gas during periods of lower demand. There are approximately 627 underground gas storage sites worldwide with a working gas capacity of 319.³ Billion m3 ( about 11.8 Trillion Cubic feet). The U.S. has a total of 414 natural gas storage fields, out of which 25 are inactive.

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Quantitative Test Method For Vapor Inhibiting Ability Of Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors

Product Number: 51322-17860-SG

Author: Khalil Abed, Mihad Ibrahim, Leitai Yang

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Metallic corrosion is a natural inevitable phenomenon defined commonly as the deterioration of metals due to reactions with their environments. The global cost of corrosion estimated by NACE in 2013 was found to be $2.5 trillion (USD), which is approximately 3.4% of the global gross domestic product (GDP). The two-year global study released at the CORROSION 2016 conference in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, assessed the economics of corrosion and the role of corrosion management in establishing best practices for the different industrial sectors. It found that implementing corrosion prevention best practices could result in global annual savings of 15-35 % of the cost of damage, which is equivalent to $375-875 billion (USD). These estimations excluded the cost of individual safety and environmental consequences from corrosion. Corrosion mitigation has been extensively researched. The methods of corrosion prevention include, but are not limited to, selection of the right material of construction, coatings, corrosion inhibitors, and cathodic protection.^1,2

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Raman and FT-IR Based Methodology Development to Assess Flexible Pipelines Pressure Barrier Degradation in Offshore Installations of the Oil and Gas Industry

Product Number: 51323-18997-SG

Author: Elaine F. Silva, Luciene S. Santos, Merlin C. E. Bandeira, Oscar R. Mattos, Nara Guidacci Berry, Sylvia C. S. Teixeira, Antonio H.M.F.T Silva, Erica G. Chaves

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

During operation, due to offshore production environment exposure, the sealing barrier of the flexible pipes can be damaged because of polymer chains degradation. There is great interest in understanding the influence of pressure, temperature, fluid composition, and supercritical CO2 on degradation of flexible pipes sealing barrier materials. Therefore, it is extremely relevant a qualitative study of deleterious effects of each one of the factors mentioned above.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance