Scaling is an important factor affecting oilfield production. The main reasons for scale formation are usually either the mixing of incompatible waters in production flow systems, for example, a formation of brine and seawater injected for maintaining downhole pressure, or changing the
reservoir conditions such as temperature, pressure, and brine pH, among others1,2. Carbonate scaling is dependent upon the equilibrium between bicarbonate, carbonate, and carbon dioxide relative to changes in the temperature and pressure3,4. Scale can deposit on almost any surface,
so that, once a scale layer is formed, it will continue to become thicker unless treated. Scale can block pore throats in the near-well bore region or in the well itself, causing formation damage and loss of well productivity.