PA2 was initially developed when the only instruments available were the Banana gauge and basic analogue and digital DFT gauges. Gauges now have memory, limits and scanning technology amongst other features. Scanning technology in DFT measurement has been available for some time now, but only recently has work begun on the standards to incorporate this technology. 

The continuous improvements in the Oil&Gas Industry to deal with reliability and maintainability objectives, higher operational reliability, improved safety, and emergency readiness for potential risk of unexpected events have led the Offshore Companies to be in the forefront of development of design and analysis methodology for integrity assessment and safety operation. The architecture of an integrated model targeting the major residual risks to the asset, new generations of internal and external inspection techniques, real-time monitoring sensors, material degradation prediction related to the actual and future operational conditions and machine learning methods are, as identified from the experiences of the authors, the new frontiers for the Pipeline Integrity Management. The advance in automation process to build pipeline digital twin, looking at new predictive and diagnosis tool by advanced FE models allows not only thinking defensively but also in taking an aggressive position toward safety and asset optimization. Plenty of attention was devoted to the 40 years of pipeline integrity assessment through which the engineering assessment takes advantage from inspection and operational data. Suite of services for an integrated solution including ad-hoc engineering and repair system readiness have been identified as the main pillars for best-in-class Operators. Case histories and integrated solution to ensure satisfactory performance and safety have been presented.