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Traditional internal lining schemes for the storage/transport of crude oil & refined fuels may no longer be appropriate. The aggressive nature of crude oil (high temp. & more sour), high purity refined products & increased use of biofuels demand better linings & more certain test results. The focus of this paper is to review the trends in test methodology from the early 1990’s to present.
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This group of authors, thinking outside the proverbial box, and with a mind to Shakespeare’s Macbeth, presented a paper at SSPC 2010 entitled “Hubble, Bubble, Tests and Trouble: The Dark Side of Misreading the Relevance of Coating Testing”. A challenge to the status quo of coatings performance testing, the paper boldly questioned much of the conventional wisdom surrounding coating testing and how that testing is interpreted.
Moisture testing of concrete substrates has become a common practice in the floor coatings industry. Even though most contractors and field technicians are capable of performing the testing, they don’t really understand what the data they are collecting means, other than the acceptance criteria established by the product manufacturer of the coating or flooring being installed.
Structure modified, nanostructured synthetic fumed silica technology was introduced more than a decade ago for improving scratch resistance and mechanical strength across coatings and adhesives / sealant industry fields. New developments now create novel design which offer environmentally sustainable improvement to anti-fouling performance in marine environments.
Corrosion protection at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center is a high priority item. The launch facilities at the Kennedy Space Center are located approximately 1000 feet from the Atlantic Ocean where they are exposed to salt deposits, high humidity, high UV degradation, and acidic exhaust from solid rocket boosters. These assets are constructed from carbon steel, which requires a suitable coating to provide long-term protection to reduce corrosion and its associated costs.
High Pressure and High Temperature wells are very critical and require special attention to avoid well integrity issues. High pressure requests the use of very high strength low alloyed steels, above 965 MPa (140 ksi), while even trace of hydrogen sulfide implies significant partial pressures of H2S, much higher than the limit of 0.05 psi (3.5 mbar) provided by NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 standard. Consequently, and despite a high temperature that reduces the risk of cracking, it is crucial to assess the resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking of materials. However low alloyed steels experience high corrosion rates when exposed to standardized test solutions at elevated temperatures, leading to difficulties of controlling the mechanical stress loading, with a load rising in NACE TM0177 Method A and declining in four-points bending test. In addition, close attention shall be paid to both the evolution of the mechanical properties of the materials with the temperature and the appropriate sequence of sour gas introduction with regards to the temperature control. This paper discusses the most appropriate testing protocol for overcoming these issues and provides experimental results obtained in the frame of the qualification of 965 MPa (140 ksi) controlled yield grade for HPHT applications.
Since the dawn of mankind, or at least since the advent of the very first accelerated corrosion cabinet, it has been the goal of coatings evaluators to develop an accelerated corrosion testing protocol which reflects the real world of corrosion in totality. There have been passionate arguments promoting one or another testing protocol while demonizing others, but that one protocol has yet to be developed to everyone’s satisfaction.