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This paper traces the development of the superaustenitic grade 254 SMO (UNS S31254) as a solution to recurrent corrosion problems within the pulp and paper industry.
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The paper reviews the history of Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) failures of duplex and super duplex stainless steels when deployed subsea and subject to CP at potentials around minus 1V.
As part of a project to develop a database of seawater corrosion resistance including resistance to microbiologically-influenced corrosion (MIC) seawater, MIC exposure tests of five stainless steel alloys were undertaken for three and six month durations.
This paper aims at providing general guidelines for welding duplex stainless steels. Whilst industry practices and literature were reviewed, the document is mainly based on the personal experience of the authors with duplex welding in Saudi Aramco and other projects they had participated during their welding engineering career. If the intent of those explained in this paper is understood and soundly applied, it could be of help to construction Contractors and Fabricators / Manufacturers with ensuring sound quality of weldments and high reliability of the assets they build for their Clients.