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In 2000 the National Science Foundation estimated that the market for nanotechnology products will be over one trillion US dollars by 2015 and that the industry would employ over 200 million workers. These numbers have been subsequently quoted from funding applications to government policy documents, but at the halfway point many of the revolutionary and disruptive technologies predicted have failed to emerge. Indeed, seven years on from the inception of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, there appears to be little sign of a nanotechnology-based industry, although significant amounts of R&D are being undertaken by various industries.
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The use of single component water based coatings for protection of metal substrates continues to grow due to their low odor, health and safety advantages, easy cleanup and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, the challenge continues to find alternatives to the traditional chromate, zinc or similar heavy metal type corrosion inhibitors which tend to rely on passivation or sacrificial cathodic protection.
Traditional organic coatings which provide cathodic protection such as zinc-rich coatings exhibit several major drawbacks. To achieve electrical conductivity zinc-rich coatings rely on tangential contact between zinc dust particles. This results in over pigmentation of the binder exceeding the critical pigment volume concentration of the resin system. This results in an inferior coating with poor physical and mechanical properties.
The use of nanotechnology for enhanced coating performance has come to market for a number of applications. Such coatings cover the range from self-assembly of liquid coatings into multilayer coatings or patterned coating films, to use of various additives.
The accurate and precise analysis of scale inhibitors plays an important role in making key decisions on the efficiency of scale squeeze and continuous-chemical injection treatments. At present, several techniques exist for scale inhibitor analysis, but each method has its own limitations and tedious analysis process. In addition, these methods often give results of either total chemical content or elemental analysis without details of chemical speciation. Especially for phosphonate scale inhibitors, it is well known that there is no analytical methods available on the market to differentiate different species of phosphonate inhibitors, which impedes the applications of different types of phosphonate inhibitors on the scale treatment. There was therefore a need for a next-generation method for phosphonate analysis. An experimental methodology has been developed based upon the use of gold nanoparticles to enhance chemical signatures of scale inhibitors in brines using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). This methodology enables speciation and measurement at low concentrations in the range of 1 to 100 mg/L (ppm). This study used two different phosphonate-type scale inhibitors, and initial laboratory results prove that this novel technology can help to differentiate between two different phosphonate-based chemicals.
Accurate and precise monitoring of corrosion inhibitors in oilfield brine, an important aspect of corrosion control in oil and gas operations, is also a practice recommended by NACE International guidelines. Many operators require residual concentrations of corrosion inhibitors to monitor chemical deliverability at specific locations in a production system. The residual measurement provides the ability to troubleshoot factors affecting chemical deliverability. However, residual measurements are notoriously problematic because of the surface-active nature of corrosion inhibitors. Residual measurement errors can often exceed 100 percent. Consequently, a need exists for methods that are precise and accurately detect a wider range of corrosion inhibitor molecules. These methods must also be viable in corrosive oilfield environments where corrosion inhibitors are at low concentrations. Furthermore, the methods must be portable, enabling field analysis of residual chemicals in collected samples. Field-based detection methods can reduce the amount of time required to obtain data useful for corrosion control and reduce delays associated in shipping samples to centralized laboratories.