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Effects of initial crack aspect ratio, pipeline diameter, wall thickness, and loading conditions on the crack shape development were investigated. A new methodology for fatigue crack growth assessment is demonstrated. The study provides a refinement for more accurate prediction of remaining service life for pipelines.
Zirconium and Zirconium alloys have been used successfully in a range of corrosive environments, both as base materials and as cladding on other backing materials. Zirconium is used extensively as fuel-rod “cladding” in nuclear reactors. In the chemical process industries, Zirconium and its alloys are used in urea production, acetic acid and vinyl acetate production, and various sulfuric, hydrochloric, and organic acid services.