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This paper presents a failure of a material that was overloaded during testing although the raw material was approved based on certified mechanical properties. The failure was due to unsuitable microstructures.
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Approximately 20% of the electricity produced in the United States (U.S.) comes from nuclear power plants (NPPs). Originally, U.S. NPPs were qualified for an operational lifetime of 40 years and NPPs can apply for 20-year license extensions following the original 40-year operating period. While most NPPs have entered extended license periods to 60 years, some are considering license extension to 80 years of operation. The viability of a subsequent license renewal (SLR) is dependent upon NPPs operating safely in accordance with a licensing basis similar to that established with the original 40-year license.
Many hangars, shelters and silos used for storage of military weapons systems are several decades old and have started to show signs of aging and corrosion assisted damage of support structures. Case study.
The US light water reactor (LWR) fleet is a strategic US asset for meeting the demand for clean, sustained, and affordable energy. Extended operations are governed by endogenous (e.g., aging management, operation costs) and exogenous (e.g., natural gas, deployment of advanced nuclear reactors) economic factors but also by technical issues associated with doubling the original 40 year license period. Materials aging includes all critical components of the reactors, such as internals, reactor pressure vessel, cabling, and concrete structures.
Alloy 690 has been utilized since the late 1980s as a replacement for Alloy 600 in pressurized water reactors (PWR) pressure boundary components due to laboratory data indicating higher resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Although to date no SCC incidents have been reported on Alloy 690 components in service, the growing interest of extending the operation life of PWRs beyond 60 or even 80 years has raised concerns for the potential occurrence of long-range ordering (LRO) in Alloy 690 and its compatible weld metals.