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Low alloy steels (LAS) are widely used in the marine and offshore oil and gas industry for various applications from bolting to large pressure containing heavy wall forgings. These materials are subject to various types of corrosion (general or uniform, pitting, crevice, etc.) and degradation in seawater environment. However, their selection for the applications, in comparison with stainless steels and corrosion resistant alloys, is justified due to their availability, manufacturability, proven service history, and lower cost.
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Precipitation hardened (PH) Ni-based alloys have been utilized in oil and gas industry for decades. Among them, UNS1 N07718 because of its performance in sour wellbore fluids and in hydrogen charging environments has received the most attention for multiple upstream applications such as tubing hangers, production stab, multi-phase flow meter bodies, valve stems, etc. It has been reported that the alloy performance is generally acceptable for many applications up to 175 °C (350 °F) – 204 °C (400 °F) in the exposed wellbore environments such as sour production fluid, completion brine, and depending on metallurgical processing and microstructure externally exposed to SWCP at the seabed temperature.
Precipitation-hardened nickel-based alloys have been used for decades in the oil and gas industry. Among these alloys, UNS1 N07718 has received the most attention for use in upstream applications such as tubing hangers, production stab plate, multiphase flowmeter bodies, and valve stems because of its performance in sour wellbore fluids (SWFs) and hydrogen-charging environments.
Directional drilling tools for oil and gas exploration is one industrial application where Manganese (Mn)-stabilized austenitic stainless steels with different amounts of other alloying elements like Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Molybdenum (Mo) have found extensive use in spite of the demanding requirements in terms of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The limited resistance of this type of austenitic stainless steels to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in hot chloride (Cl-)-containing environments is well known. Chloride-bearing environments at elevated temperatures are not uncommon in drilling operations and can indeed challenge the EAC-resistance of CrMn-stainless steels
Frequency scan fatigue crack growth rate tests were performed at a fixed stress intensity factor range to determine the effect of frequency in two different sour environments. Both sour environments had the same partial pressure of H2S (0.21psia) but different pH values.
Fatigue and fracture of line pipe steels in a sour inhibited environment is presented. Fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) was investigated as a function of frequency at several different K values at a pH of 3.5 and 0.21psia (0.00144MPa) H2S.
Hydrogen gas is called to play a key role in the energy transition and initiatives needed for adecarbonization of the economy. Initially, assets for energy storage and transport were developed and qualified for the purpose of the oil and gas industry, especially natural gas. Repurposing of existing assets for the use of hydrogen gas, or creation of new dedicated hydrogen transport and storage infrastructure, is a great challenge for future hydrogen projects. It includes the qualification of steel materials underhydrogen gas environment.
Parts produced via additive manufacturing (AM) are being adopted broadly among many industries andused in an array of applications. AM parts are attractive to these industries for several reasons. Complexgeometries that cannot be manufactured using traditional, subtractive methods can be producedadditively.