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Raman spectroscopy for hydrocarbon speciation is described and recent advances in real time monitoring is highlighted. The vibrational properties of hydrocarbon molecules were modeled using Density Function Theory and results were correlated with Raman spectra.
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Common materials employed in catalytic reforming unit tubes are typically resistant to carburization due to protective chromium oxide films, but under low excess oxygen conditions can become compromised and allow carbon penetration and carbide formation at the exposed surface. Embrittlement and material wastage as a result of these mechanisms causes premature failures, with production loss, in addition to shutdown maintenance and replacement costs. Carburization in this environment is simulated in this paper through a pack carburizing method designed to create an environment optimal for diffusing carbon in an ASTM 335 9Cr-1Mo tube material.