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Oil and gas wells are highly corrosive environments because they contain H2S and CO2. The 13Cr martensitic stainless steel is widely used in the oil and gas industry because of high good corrosion resistance in CO2 gas wells. Generally, the addition of Mo increases the passivity of steel. However, the role of Mo in passive films has not been completely clarified.
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Wastewater treatment plant clarifier environments present challenges for selecting materials of construction. Coated carbon steel, hot-dip galvanized steel, and stainless steel are most commonly specified for new or refurbished clarifier mechanisms, and all have their advantages and disadvantages with regard to achieving the intended design life.
In oil refineries, one corrosion issue occurs each week worldwide that leads to a severe incident such as sudden leakages, e.g., resulting from pipe ruptures.[1] These facts emphasize the need for corrosion control in refineries. Corrosion monitoring is one important approach to utilize and can maximize equipment integrity and productivity.
A 2002 study estimated the annual cost associated with corrosion of gas pipelines to be around $5 billion. Corrosion of oil and gas pipelines continues to pose a major issue in the oil and gas industry due to the combination of brine produced with the oil and the type of acid gas present which can lead to significant internal corrosion. Oil and gas reservoirs can be separated into two categories, sweet and sour.
Blue discoloration of off-white sealant in contact with copper tube at medical facilities underconstruction was observed. The copper tube was being installed to transport medical-grade gasses and the sealant was used as an acoustical and smoke sealant at through-wall penetrations. In some areas of one facility, galvanized steel pipes inserts were used as sleeves for the copper pipes through the drywall, while in other areas, the copper pipe penetrated directly through the drywall. Observations of the discoloration prompted an evaluation of the copper tube, sealant, and potential adverse interactions.
Among the many additive manufacturing processes, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has recently been drawing interest due to its great and attractive prospect for fabrication of large parts, the possibility to process a vast range of materials in form of welding wires, and the addition of further details to semi-finished components [1]. However, most of the research have currently focused on optimization of the WAAM process parameters and analysis of the resulting thermal and residual stresses [2]. Unlike conventional manufacturing processes, WAAM process and post-processing treatments result in unique microstructures and material surfaces that alter the corrosion performance of the materials but are not fully studied or understood yet.
Corrosion under thermal insulations namely CUI (Corrosion under insulation) is a key degradation process in hydrocarbon facilities which poses asset integrity risks. 1 CUI is reported as the reason behind 40-60% of failures of the process piping in a typical oil refining facility. Speaking smaller-sized process piping (i.e., NPS < 4”), up to 81% of reported failures are known to result from CUI. 2 Monetary spending to inspect and fix CUI-related failures cost 10% of overall maintenance budget in a typical medium-sized oil refinery. 2 CUI risk is influenced by numerous operational and environmental factors which impedes its management in a typical AIM (Asset integrity management) program. The
According to the Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) in Norway, corrosion under insulation (CUI) caused about 50% of all hydrocarbon leaks at onshore plants. In the case of Alberta’s oil sands, CUI has also been observed in thermal operations in above ground assets carrying emulsions, steam, hot water and/or warm water that are externally insulated to ensure safe and energy efficient operations. CUI has also been observed in oil sands mining operations in various piping systems and in tanks and vessels on structural supports and insulated support rings that are frequently in contact with soil or standing groundwater.