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Volumetric Ultrasonic Testing (phased array) thickness measurements performed on the absorber column of a gas dehydration unit (GDU) found laminations and inclusions. The component could not continue in operation unless mitigating actions were taken.
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Available fracture toughness (FT) test methodologies are reviewed in this publication to compare their details.
Fired heaters in coking service are susceptible to carburization damage, which needs to be predicted and managed to prevent unexpected downtime and expedited replacement costs. Carburization damage occurs when carbonaceous material, i.e., coke, is deposited on a steel surface and exposed to high metal temperatures; such are the internal conditions present in fired heater tubes in coking services. At these high temperatures, the carbon diffuses into the steel microstructure and increases the hardness while reducing ductility. At an advanced state, this reduction in ductility may lead to tube failure if a mechanical or thermal shock is applied. The diffusion of carbon can also cause the formation of deleterious chromium carbides in the steel microstructure, reducing the high temperature corrosion resistance in those areas.
The annual natural gas demand in the United States surpassed 31 trillion cubic feet in 2019. This is over a 500% increase from demand in the 1950’s (5.7 trillion cubic feet) [1]. As gas demand continues to rise, pipeline operators have limited options to meet demand requirements. Pressure uprating is one option that can be leveraged for certain pipelines to meet the increased demand economically.
Laminations are manufacturing defects that result because of presence of inclusions or air during pipeline plate making. They might present a challenge in identification during ILI inspection as magnetic flux does not identify lamination because it does not have metal loss. Ultrasonic on the other hand can detect lamination, but it does not differentiate from a metal loss.
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and other polymeric materials are used in many ways to reduce and manage corrosion damage for industrial, infrastructure and municipal applications. It is common practice to use the term “resin” for polymers in these materials. This paper uses polymer interchangeably with resin. This paper will also only consider glass fiber reinforcements.
A case study of a fiberglass reinforced plastic scrubber which was evaluated with a novel ultrasonic technique followed by a destructive evaluation for retained mechanical properties and corrosion barrier condition. When compared, the results showed good correlation.