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The API RP 14E Erosional Velocity Equation: Origin Application Misuse Limitation and Alternative

Product Number: 51319-13206-SG

Author: Fazlollah Madani Sani

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Erosion of mild steel lines and equipment during the production of hydrocarbons from underground reservoirs is a complex and not fully quantitatively understood phenomenon becoming even more intricate when electrochemical corrosion is included. Oil and gas companies have always tried to account for this phenomenon with simple models. Over the last 40 years the American Petroleum Institute recommended practice 14E (API RP 14E) erosional velocity equation has been used by many operators to estimate safe production velocities in erosive-corrosive service. The widespread use of API RP 14E is a result of it being simple to apply and requiring little in the way of inputs. However there is very little scientific backing for this approach. The API RP 14E erosional velocity equation is often quoted to be overly conservative and to unjustifiably restrict the production rate or overestimate required pipe sizes.The present workprovides a review of literature on the origin of the API RP 14E erosional velocity equation its limitations misuses applications and known alternatives. This review suggests that a proper erosion model would provide a better description for the vast majority of conditions in oil and gas production systems to determine the safe operating velocity while maintaining a maximum production capacity and using cheaper materials or smaller diameter pipelines. However these models are more complex and are therefore not as widely applied. Overall there are currently no simple and readily available alternative formulae for calculating the erosional velocity and resort in many cases is a semi-empirical approach that includes operational experience.Keywords:erosion API RP 14E erosional velocity erosive-corrosive service operational experience

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The Application of Ceramic Coatings to Extend Radiant Tube Life in Process Heaters and Improve Operational Efficiency with Cost Benefit Analysis

Product Number: MPWT19-14438

Author: John Bacon, Johannes Poth and Iain Hall

Publication Date: 2019

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Ceramic coatings technologies are an effective surface engineering tool in the management of heat flux on metal surfaces. Thin ceramic coatings can be employed to either increase or decrease heat transfer on metal surfaces by modulation of emissivity. While this characteristic is relatively easily impressed on a surface, long term coating sustainability and oxidation protection of the underlying metal is not readily achieved. This presentation provides a technical data-based introduction to the function, performance, testing, and installation of ceramic coatings on two key pieces of refining equipment.
• Process heaters are critical production assets for the downstream hydrocarbon processing industries such as refineries and petrochemical plants. The efficient operation of these units is vital to plant productivity since they consume large amounts of energy to provide the required heat for the process. They may also bottleneck feed throughout due to heat transfer limits. Scaling and hot spots in the radiant tube section can cause local coking and premature material failure. Improvements in operating efficiency and reliability can yield significant cost benefits and a fast return on investment. Additionally, radiant transfer properties of existing refractory systems can be improved, increasing process efficiencies. Know ceramic performance metrics can be used to predictively model performance improvement. • Flare tips routinely suffer from material overheat, creep and oxidation. Ceramic systems are employed to mitigate these, through the installation of both low emissivity and low conductive heat transfer materials. This paper and case study discusses how different ceramic systems can be used in the management of heat transfer, the protection of surfaces from corrosion, and provide insight into the less intuitive mode by which heat transfer can be promoted.

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The Application of Molecular Microbiological Methods for Early Warning of MIC in Pipelines

Product Number: 51313-02029-SG

ISBN: 02029 2013 CP

Author: Jan Larsen

Publication Date: 2013

$20.00

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The Case Against Galvanized Piping in Domestic Water Systems

Product Number: 51317--9398-SG

ISBN: 9398 2017 CP

Author: Catherine Noble

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Galvanized steel pipe is protected by a layer deposited by hard water, but may suffer corrosion in soft water. Presented are case studies of corrosion in galvanized water piping in a stadium, hotel, and county government building. Details of corrosion mechanism and mitigation strategies are also discussed.

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The Commercialization of Self-Healing Technology in Normal Epoxy Coatings

Product Number: 51315-5790-SG

ISBN: 5790 2015 CP

Author: Lujie Ye

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

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The Complexities of SSC testing of SMSS From A Steelmaker’s Perspective

Product Number: 51319-12893-SG

Author: Kuangnan Chi

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Norsok M-650 qualification of 13Cr Super Martensitic Stainless Steel (SMSS) requires sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSC) testing. The present investigation evaluated three casts processed by hot rolling and heat treated to a specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of 110ksi. Testing was conducted as per NACE TM0177 Method A by two testing laboratories under identical conditions.The influence of microstructural phases specimen preparations and control of test parameters are assessed in relation to SSC performance. Specifically this paper discusses the complexities of SSC testing from a steelmaker’s perspective.

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The Determination of the Chloride Threshold of Stainless Steel in Concrete – A Review

Product Number: 51321-16179-SG

Author: Sylvia Kessler

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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The Development of Novel Corrosion Inhibitors for High Temperature Sour Gas Environments

Product Number: 51320-14591-SG

Author: Jody Hoshowski, Paul Barnes, Rolando Perez Pineiro, Alyn Jenkins, Tore Nordvik

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Mitigating oil and gas production with chemical inhibitors is challenging when high temperature (>120°C) and H2S is present. The high temperatures associated with deep wells and thermal recovery methods demand an advancement in conventional inhibitor technologies. Traditional organic inhibitors struggle to protect carbon steel assets lending them susceptible to localized corrosion in sour environments. These environments require inhibitors with a combined thermal stability and persistency to provide uniform filming and corrosion protection.

For high temperature corrosion applications imidazoline chemistry ranks highly as a chemistry likely to be able to mitigate corrosion at elevated temperatures. However, at temperatures between 120 and 150°C performance is very system specific while over 150°C performance can be severely limited. An extensive in-house screening program was undertaken which identified a generic chemistry (pyrimidine) that exhibited the required performance characteristics up to 175°C for a variety of field applications. Based on this work, several other materials exhibited performance benefits for alternate applications, for instance high temperature, deep water applications. Laboratory testing of the novel corrosion inhibitors at high temperatures, also highlighted the limitations of corrosion test methodologies for evaluating inhibitors under extreme conditions.

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The Development of Novel Laboratory Test Method for Scale Inhibitor Evaluation in the Presence of Ferrous Iron

Product Number: 51320-14443-SG

Author: Haiping Lu, Zhenning Gu, Johnathon Brooks, Gina Beans, Stephen Heath, Daniel Bestgen, Dong Lee, Joe Penkala

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Ferrous iron is typically present in the brines of oil and gas production. Soluble iron is considered to adversely affect the performance of scale inhibitors against calcium carbonate scale. However, it is particularly difficult to prevent the oxidation of ferrous iron to form ferric iron with even trace amounts of oxygen in laboratory testing conditions. The oxide species of ferric iron have less solubility than the ferrous iron, and ferric hydroxide may adsorb scale inhibitors on its surface. Therefore, the presence of ferrous iron in laboratory testing poses a challenge for evaluating its effect on scale inhibitor performance. Recently, Kinetic Turbidity Test (KTT) has become a more recognized testing method for scale inhibitor evaluation. It is a novel laboratory test method using an Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to monitor the formation of scales at various dosages of tested products as a function of reaction time. In the presence of ferrous iron, in order to keep oxygen away from the ambient environment during the test, the instrument was placed into an anaerobic chamber for maintaining low level of oxygen environment (< 1 ppm O2 in the chamber) during the testing process. This paper presents the approach to conduct KTT in the present of ferrous iron, and compares the testing data with and without ferrous irons on scale inhibitor performance by KTT and anaerobic bottle testing for both calcite and calcium sulfate inhibition. The selected inhibitor chemistries include four different types of phosphonates (Phosphonate A, B, C, and D) and five polymer inhibitors (Polymer A, B, C, D, E). Results show that KTT provides an efficient and data-driven approach for evaluating scale inhibitor performance in the presence of ferrous iron. The mechanisms of scale formation and scale inhibitor performance under the effects of iron were discussed. This paper provides insight for scale treatment chemistry and dosage in the presence of iron.

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The Development of Novel Laboratory Test Method on Evaluation of Scale Inhibition and Dispersancy for Cooling Water Applications

Product Number: 51320-14491-SG

Author: Haiping Lu, Tim Underwood, Zhenning Gu, Bingbing Gu

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Scale control is vital for cooling water operations, and evaluation of best-fit scale inhibitors for the application is essential, for the scale treatment. One of the traditional test methods for industrial water scale inhibitor screening is static bottle testing. Recently, in other industries, Kinetic Turbidity Test (KTT) has gained more acceptance for scale inhibitor evaluation. KTT uses an Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to monitor scale formation at various dosages of tested products, as function of reaction time. The technology can provide minimum dosage recommendations for the treatment with selected inhibitors, and give the insight on scale formation kinetics and mechanism, under the effects of different types of scale inhibitors.

Polymer dispersancy in waters with particulates such as iron oxide and clay, is also an important characteristic to evaluate, in systems with high levels of suspended solids or fine particles. Previously(currently), this testing was conducted in bottles where the turbidity of solutions were measured by pipette transfer to a cuvette and turbidity meter, providing one data point at a certain time. Kinetic turbidity testing can continuously and simultaneously monitor and record turbidity changes with time, under the effects of various polymer dispersants and dosages. This capability provides more thorough and objective data, for scale control product evaluation.
This paper presents the approach to evaluate scale control chemistries for industrial applications by KTT, and compares the KTT test data, with bottle test results. The laboratory testing results show that KTT provides a fast and data-driven approach for evaluating performance of scale inhibitors and dispersants.

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The Development of Sulfur Solvent/Corrosion Inhibitor Product for Extremely Aggressive Sour Environm

Product Number: 51316-7783-SG

ISBN: 7783 2016 CP

Author: Haitao Fang

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

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The Effect Of Alternate Immersion On Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior Of Steel And Nickel Alloys In Natural Seawater

Product Number: 51321-16857-SG

Author: Attilio Arcari; James P. Moran; Derek J. Horton;Edward J. Lemieux; Ryan McCoy; Theresa M. Newbauer

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

NACE Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance