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Mercury Liquid Metal Embrittlement Testing of Oil and Gas Production Alloys

Product Number: 51314-3993-SG

ISBN: 3993 2014 CP

Author: Stefanie Asher

Publication Date: 2014

$20.00

Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) involves penetration of a liquid metal into a solid metal that leads to brittle fracture. A test program was established to evaluate the susceptibility of various metallic materials to LME by mercury.

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Metal Sulfide Scale Inhibitors

Product Number: 51320-14459-SG

Author: Konstantinos D. Demadis, Argyro Spinthaki, George Petratos, Juergen Matheis, Duygu Disci-Zayed, Wolfgang Hater

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Metal sulfide mineral scaling, fouling and deposition are frequently encountered problems in geothermal systems. Their formation, crystallization and deposition occur principally because of their extremely low solubility, based on the low solubility product (Ksp). Among the metal sulfides that cause problematic issues, the most common ones are iron sulfide (FeS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), lead sulfide (PbS), and, less frequently, antimony sulfide(s) (Sb2S3 and Sb2S5). Zinc sulfide, for example, has a Ksp of 2·10-25 mol²/L², whereas for PbS, it is 1·10-28 mol²/L² (~ three orders of magnitude less soluble). ZnS can precipitate either as Sphalerite or Zinc Blende, and PbS commonly crystallizes as Galena. Mitigation of such ZnS and PbS precipitates and deposits can be achieved by chemical interventions, by the addition of organic chemical additives to the water. Herein, we report the inhibitory effects of phosphonate-based chemical additives for ZnS and PbS scales. These additives can inhibit formation of sulfide scale, and, significantly, prevent its deposition on metal surfaces. The efficiency of these additives is dosage-dependent, and relatively high inhibitor concentrations are needed for their inhibitory activity to take place. Possible mechanisms will be discussed focusing on inhibition and dispersion.

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Metallurgical Analysis of Hydrotested 20-Inch Natural Gas Pipeline

Product Number: 51321-16330-SG

Author: Sudhakar Mahajanam/Efrain Garcia/Ken Riggs

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Metallurgical and Micostructural Effect on CVN Impact Toughness in 2,25Cr1Mo Weld Metal

Product Number: MPWT19-15280

Author: Bertoni Dott, Markus Gustafson, Eva-Lena Bergquist

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

2,25 Cr 1 Mo steel is required to comply with very stringent technical requirements when such a steel is applied in the Refinery Industry.Most of the attention is focused on the impact toughness performance of the weld metal which provides information on the structural stability of the pressure vessel taking into account the defect’s growth resistance in the welded joint.The assessment of welded joint toughness by performing CVN tests as a measure of this resistance remains the simplest and most widespread. Bainitic microstructure with very low ferrite content and small grain size of the primary austenite are effective in improving the CVN impact toughness at low temperature after min and max PWHT. The aforementioned microstructure is promoted by lowering the temperature of the Bs in addition to the heat input. Carbide precipitation at grain boundaries doesn’t significantly affect the impact properties of the weld metal after the industrial min and max PWHTs. The micro slag inclusions are investigated. Their chemical composition, volume and size is limited in the weld metal and they do not affect the CVN weld metal property. Min PWHT and max PWHT transform the Martensite/Austenite microstructure developed in the weld metal in as welded condition to Bainitic microstructure and the size and distribution of the carbide precipitated into the matrix. The PWHTs do not modify significantly the grain size of the microstructure which is mainly managed by chemistry and heat input. The type of current DC+ and AC significantly affect the chemistry of the weld metal providing different content of C, Mn, Si, Oxygen. Their contributions enhance the CVN impact properties especially when AC is used

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Metallurgical Aspects of HTHA in CS Below Traditional Nelson Curve Values

Product Number: 51320-15062-SG

Author: Jorge Hau

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) is a phenomenon that involves the formation and accumulation of methane (CH4) in steels operating under conditions where there is hydrogen ingress. To account for the phenomenon, it is necessary to know how the supply of solute carbon atoms occurs. What is discussed here concerns only low-carbon steel within the range 0.08-0.30 wt % carbon that has no intended additions of alloying element such as chromium (Cr) or molybdenum (Mo), and that it is typically delivered in the as-hot worked or normalized condition, resulting in microstructure consisting of pearlite colonies within a matrix of ferrite grains. Carbon steels do not normally contain carbon atoms in solid solution, but most are tied to cementite (Fe3C), except when retained in supersaturated solid solution by rapidly cooling from just below the subcritical temperature Ac1, 727 °C (1340 °F), in which case, the solute carbon atoms do not remain in supersaturated solution for long, they precipitate, but the resulting precipitates are rather unstable and get quickly thermally activated when heated to temperatures that are considered relatively too low to significantly affect the cementite in existing pearlite colonies. Thus, these precipitates may supply solute carbon atoms for HTHA damage to occur at temperatures that would not otherwise occur if there were only cementite in existing pearlite colonies.

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Methodology For The Evaluation Of Batch Corrosion Inhibitor Films And Their Integrity

Product Number: 51321-16632-SG

Author: Winston Mosher/ Tamer Crosby/ Tony Lam

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Methodology Of Batch Inhibition Applied For TLC Mitigation

Product Number: 51321-16751-SG

Author: Mengqiu Pan; Maryam Eslami; Yuan Ding; Zineb Belarbi; David Young; Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Methodology to Estimate Edge Effect on Direct Current Cathodic Protection Coupons

Product Number: 51317--8976-SG

ISBN: 8976 2017 CP

Author: Pavan Shukla

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

A model was developed to study the effects on the CP coupon current density and interpretation of the CP coupon data for a given holiday. The model results indicate that the most dominant factor affecting coupon is the size, followed by corrosion potential.

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Methods of Monitoring Reinforced Concrete Corrosion in Formulations for Nuclear Facilities

Product Number: 51317--9154-SG

ISBN: 9154 2017 CP

Author: Damián Vazquez

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Two concrete formulations, one of ordinary portland cement and one of pozzolanic portland cement, are compared by rebar corrosion criteria. Both formulations are candidates for nuclear applications whose durability requirement is higher than 300 years.

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MIC Impact on Mechanical Property Degradation of X80 Pipeline Steel by A Sulfate Reducing Bacterium

Product Number: 51321-16274-SG

Author: Zhong Li/Jike Yang/Sith Kumseranee/Suchada Punpruk/Magdy E. Mohamed/Mazen A. Saleh/Tingyue Gu

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Micellization And Inhibition Efficiency

Product Number: 51321-16872-SG

Author: Yi He; Shuai Ren; Zined Belarbi; Xi Wang; David Young; Marc Singer; Maalek Mohamed-Said

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Microbial Corrosion Diagnosis Using Molecular Microbiology Methods: Case Studies

Product Number: MPWT19-14427

Author: Xiangyang Zhu, Abdullah H. Wadei

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the leading causes of equipment and pipeline failure in oil and gas industries. Cost-effective MIC management requires routine monitoring of microbial activities, periodic assessment of microbial risks in various operational systems, and accurate diagnosis of MIC failure. Traditionally, MIC diagnosis has been dependent on cultivation-based methods by inoculating liquid samples containing live bacteria into selective growth media, followed by incubation at a certain temperature for a pre-determined period of time. The conventional culturing techniques have been reported to severely underestimate the size of the microbial populations related to metal corrosion, among many inherited weaknesses of these techniques. As a result, accurate diagnosis of MIC failure is challenging because the conventional techniques often fail to provide a critical piece of evidence required for a firm diagnosis, i.e., the presence of corrosion-causing microorganisms in the failed metal samples. In this paper, we described applications of molecular microbiology methods in diagnosing MIC in a crude oil pipeline and crude processing facility. Molecular microbial analyses have provided a solid piece of evidence to firmly diagnose the MIC in a crude oil flow line, a stagnant bypass spool, and a global valve bypass pipe. The presence of a high number of corrosion-related microorganisms in upstream pipelines poses a high risk to downstream crude processing facilities for microbial contamination and corrosion failure in these facilities. An effective MIC management program should include routine monitoring of microbial activities and risk assessment, and effective mitigation program, such as scraping and biocide treatments.

NACE Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance