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Effect of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide on the Localized Corrosion Susceptibility of Corrosion

Product Number: 51317--8933-SG

ISBN: 8933 2017 CP

Author: Teresa Perez

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The purpose of this review is to discuss environmental effects, especially hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide on pitting susceptibility of low alloy steels and corrosion resistant alloys.

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Effect of Cathodic Polarisation on Localized Corrosion of 25Cr in Seawater

Product Number: 51319-12870-SG

Author: Roy Johnsen

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Duplex stainless steel (25Cr) can suffer from corrosion in seawater at temperatures exceeding 20 deg.C. To prevent corrosion cathodic protection from attached sacrificial anodes are often used. However this can cause hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) on the alloy assuming tensile stresses above certain levels occur in the component. Some HSC failures have been observed on submerged seawater pumps assemblies made from 25Cr duplex stainless steel protected by sacrificial anodes. To avoid HSC to initiate anodes have been removed on some pumps. Despite the fact that seawater temperature are below 20 deg.C severe localised corrosion attacks have been observed after the anodes have been removed.This presentation gives an overview of the outcome from a test program examining the effect of pre-cathodic polarisation of 25Cr duplex stainless steel on critical crevice/pitting temperature and the anodic polarisation curve. Both welded samples and base metal in addition to different cathodic polarisation levels have been examined. The effect of cathodic polarisation on the oxide layer thickness and composition have been examined with SEM EDS and XRD.The test results show that there is astrong reduction in critical crevice/pitting temperature due to pre-cathodic polarisation. This effect is caused by a change in the oxide layer composition after cathodic polarisation.

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Effect of Chemical Environment and pH on AC Corrosion of Cathodically Protected Structures

Product Number: 51317--9352-SG

ISBN: 9352 2017 CP

Author: Andreas Junker-Holst

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

AC corrosion of structures under cathodic protection (CP) is a major concern for pipelines. This work investigates the effect of soil constituents - earth alkali elements Ca and Mg - believed to have a large influence on the precipitation of hydroxides and carbonates in front of a coating damage.

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Effect of Cl? Concentration on Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of 434 Stainless Steel in High-Temperature and High-Pressure CO?-O? Environment

Product Number: 51315-5973-SG

ISBN: 5973 2015 CP

Author: Wei Liu

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

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Effect of Cold-work on Repassivation and Corrosion Behaviors of Carbon Steels and Stainless Steels

Product Number: 51317--9083-SG

ISBN: 9083 2017 CP

Author: Gaoxiang Wu

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

The strain-induced accelerated corrosion has been reported for many alloys used in structural and functional applications. . Results from electrochemical tests on specimens of carbon steel A569 with different amounts of cold-work are discussed in this paper.

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Effect of Concrete Moisture on Macrocell Development in Repair of Reinforced Concrete Substructure with UHPC

Product Number: 51319-13474-SG

Author: Mahsa Farzad

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has been introduced for reinforced concrete structures due to its enhanced mechanical performance including high compressive strengths and tensile compacity. In certain applications such as at closure joints connections and concrete repairs reinforcing steel may be embedded in dissimilar concrete elements partially incorporating the UHPC. Superficially UHPC can be considered to provide enhanced corrosion durability in marine environments due to its low permeability which would mitigate chloride-induced corrosion of rebar in the bulk material. However the localized galvanic effects of steel in dissimilar concrete in aggressive environments can be important. For example steel embedded in the concrete perimeter of repair patches can undergo premature corrosion failure after repair due to the halo effect. This research exploring the corrosion durability of steel embedded in dissimilar concretes incorporating UHPC examines the extent to which enhanced chloride transport may occur at the cold joint. The effectiveness of the bond at the concrete interface (with various levels of moisture availability at the time of UHPC repair) to minimize chloride penetration was examined. To this effect the substrate concrete was conditioned to moisture content (5% 75% 100% RH and wet) prior to UHPC repair concrete casting. Chloride penetration was accelerated by an impressed current and chloride content was assessed by concrete sampling at the cold joint as well as in the bulk concrete and potentiometric titrations.

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Effect of corrosion products evolution/transformation on the localised/pitting corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in sour environment

Product Number: 51319-12943-SG

Author: Frederick Pessu

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Carbon steel remain the most commonly used material in most oilfield applications. The susceptibility of carbon steel to various forms of corrosion is one of the major drawbacks to its remarkable economic and metallurgical advantages. Localized and/or pitting corrosion carbon steel used in oilfields is one aspect of its limitation that is very common and yet most unpredictable and difficult to mitigate against. The nature of the environment is also a key contributor to the evolution of localized and/or pitting corrosion especially in complex oilfield environment containing both H2S CO2 and other acid gases. The presence of H2S in a corrosion environment often introduces some complexities to the localized and/or pitting corrosion behaviour of exposed carbon steel materials. As a protection against uniform corrosion iron sulphide has been shown to form and has received much attention in the scientific literature. The evolution of iron sulphides (stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric) during the corrosion process of carbon steel is still not fully understood. This makes the already difficult challenge of predicting pitting/localized corrosion of carbon steel more complex and challenging especially since the electronic (and so conducting properties of iron sulphides) can mean that anodic/cathodic reactions can be supported on what are corrosion products or deposits on the corroding surface. This work focuses on understanding FeS formation evolution; dissolution and/or transformation using a combination of different electrochemical responses such as Linear and Tafel Polarization combined with post-experiment surface analysis such as XRD and SEM. It builds on and complements the large literature in this area. The study is carried out in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution saturated with two different sour corrosion systems; H2S-CO2 and H2S-N2 at 80°C and for up to 21 days. The relationship between the processes of FeS formation evolution; dissolution and/or transformation and the evolution of localized and/pitting corrosion is also established. Pitting and/localized corrosion characterization is achieved using 3D surface profilometry which allows characterisation of discrete pit parameters such as depth diameter etc.

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Effect of CP on the Occurrence of SCC in X80 and X100 Pipe Steels in a Near-Neutral pH Environment

Product Number: 51317--9147-SG

ISBN: 9147 2017 CP

Author: Li Yan

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

In this work, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 and X100 pipe steels under various cathodic protection (CP) levels in near-neutral pH environment was investigated. The results showed that X100 tended to form longer SCC cracks compared to X80 steel.

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Effect of Crevice Former on the Crevice Corrosion of 316L Stainless Steel in Synthetic Tap Water

Product Number: 51317--9412-SG

ISBN: 9412 2017 CP

Author: Seon-hong Kim

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

To restrain the failure of plate heat exchanger in customer boiler working fluid, the effect of crevice former type on the corrosion behavior of Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel plate was investigated using electrochemical methods and surface analysis in chloride-containing synthetic tap water.

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Effect of Cyclic Torquing on the Corrosion Resistance and Nut Factor Consistency of Coated High- Strength Steel Bolting

Product Number: 51319-13268-SG

Author: Omar Rosas-Camacho

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Almost every piece of equipment and machinery in the Oil and Gas industry requires the use of bolted joints due to numerous advantages that they offer regarding productivity and maintenance however these advantages vanish by inadequate materials selection and installation procedures. Most anti-corrosion coatings applied to bolts do not offer a consistent tightening and they are affected by torqueing during assembly; the nut factor relates the bolt’s installation torque to the tension required to tighten the bolt maintaining a consistent nut factor would solve problems such as over-torquing and corrosion resulting from the coatings peeling-off which may lead to leaking from the joint and even to joint failure. Organic coatings have historically suffered from flaking and peeling when torqued hence metallic coatings such as Ni-Co electroplating may offer a more reliable performance.In order to obtain experimental data comparing the behavior of coatings used in bolted joints simulating service conditions cyclic torquing (up to 5 cycles) was applied to fasteners with different coatings and the nut factor and corrosion resistance was evaluated. The tested samples were B7M ASTM A193/A193M bolts and 2HM ASTM A194/A194M nuts with the following coating conditions: 1) No coating 2) Ni-Co Electroplating 3) zinc undercoat with PTFE topcoat and 4) TSA / PTFE. All samples were tested with dry runs (no lubricant) and two different commercial lubricants. A Skidmore-Wilhelm load cell was used to apply the cyclic torquing and to calculate the nut factor on each cycle. Corrosion tests were performed before and after torquing following ASTM G59 standard and environmental exposure following ASTM B368 standard to evaluate the materials corrosion resistance without torque. Ni-Co electroplating showed a better performance compared to the other tested coatings it offered the highest nut factor consistency and the lowest corrosion rate after the cyclic torqueing and after environmental exposure.The main impact of this work is providing consistent and reliable test data about nut factor and corrosion resistance of coatings; this data can be used to compare available coated fasteners for selection of the best solution for bolting in oilfield and industrial application. Ni-Co electroplating is featured as a coating that provides corrosion resistance and nut factor consistency regardless the number of assembly/disassembly cycles it is proposed as a solution to avoid joint leaking and likely catastrophic failures.

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Effect of Different Strength Levels, Coatings and Cathodic Charging Levels on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of AISI 4340 Bolting Material

Product Number: 51320-14469-SG

Author: Timothy Haeberle, Evan J. Dolley Jr.

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

AISI 4340 low-alloy steel (UNS G43400) is frequently used for critical bolting applications on subsea equipment in the oil and gas industry because of its ability to be heat treated to high strength levels while maintaining high toughness, even in large diameter bolting. However, several field incidents resulting from hydrogen embrittlement of AISI 4340 bolting have brought into question the maximum hardness that should be specified for low-alloy steel bolting and whether zinc electroplating can contribute to hydrogen embrittlement of low-alloy steel bolting in subsea applications.

In this evaluation, the relative hydrogen embrittlement resistance of AISI 4340 with different mechanical properties and surface conditions was determined using electrochemical pre-charging followed by step loading per ASTM F1624-121 in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The test specimens were round, notched tensile test bars stressed in uniaxial tension to simulate the load on a tensioned bolt. Testing was performed on material at two different strength levels with no coating, with zinc electroplate (both baked and un-baked), and with a phosphate coating to evaluate the effects of coatings. The tests were performed in air, in the NaCl solution at open circuit potential, and in the NaCl solution at -950 mV, -1050 mV, and - 1250 mV (Ag/AgCl) to evaluate the effects of different levels of cathodic protection.

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Effect Of Flow On The Corrosion Behavior Of Pipeline Steels Under Supercritical CO2 Environment With Impurities

Product Number: 51321-16656-SG

Author: Martin Colahan; Yoon-Seok Choi; Srdjan Nesic

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

NACE Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance