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Experimental Characterization of Grain Boundary Fracture Properties in a FeCr12Ni26Si3 Austenitic Stainless Steel Oxidized in PWR Environment

Product Number: ED22-17126-SG

Author: Rachma Azihari, Jérémy Hure, Marc Legros, Benoît Tanguy

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Austenitic stainless steels are used for the core internal structures (bolts, baffles, formers) in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). During operational service, baffle to former bolts have been observed to undergo Irradiation-Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking (IASCC), which is characterized by intergranular cracking. IASCC results from the material corrosion susceptibility, the microstructural changes induced by irradiation, the corrosive media and the mechanical loading. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the complex interplay between the different factors, mostly focusing on InterGranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IGSCC) of pre-irradiated samples in PWR environment. In particular, the oxidation behavior of grain boundaries and the mechanical loading of grain boundaries have been assessed in details. Depending on the oxidation time and the GB nature, oxide penetration along GB has been observed. The intergranular oxide is composed of (Nix,Fe1-x)Cr2O4 spinels. However, all grain boundaries (GBs) do not have the same oxidation behavior, and it has been reported that high angle grain boundaries show higher oxidation susceptibility than special grain boundaries. Radiation induced segregation at grain boundaries might also lead to higher susceptibility to intergranular oxidation. Irradiation also modifies the deformation mechanisms in austenitic steels resulting in strain localization which is believed to be an important factor in IASCC initiation as it can lead to local increase of the stress due to dislocation pile-ups at GB.

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Experimental Design Considerations for Exposure of Surrogate Fe in Assessing Atmospheric Corrosion in a Marine Environment

Product Number: 51324-21077-SG

Author: Alexander Johnson; Christine Sanders; Raymond Santucci; Sheri Stanke

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A rigorous assessment of marine atmospheric corrosion at a controlled NRL test site in Key West Florida was conducted. Certain factors which have been previously implicated in the literature as controlling, or at least heavily influencing, the corrosion of engineering materials in atmospheric exposure were isolated and explored. In this study, low carbon steel witness coupons were exposed to assess atmospheric corrosion. In particular, the effect of steel alloy type, coupon width, location, and exposure condition were tested. Coupons were exposed under ambient condition, sprayed with sea water, or rinsed with clear water. Results were assessed in terms of steel mass loss. Several important findings relevant to experimental design of atmospheric corrosion were assessed. Coupons treated with sea water experienced substantially greater corrosion rates compared to coupons exposed ambiently. Samples rinsed with clear water experienced lesser corrosion rates compared to ambiently exposed samples. Furthermore, corrosion rate differed by location: coupons exposed closer to the salty ocean water experienced greater corrosion compared to ones exposed further inland. Coupons with a thinner width also had greater area-normalized corrosion compared to wider coupons. The results of this study will benefit the entire atmospheric corrosion community since it establishes what the best practices are for exposure.

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Experimental Investigation of Solid Particle Erosion for Long Radius Elbows in Gas-Solid Flow

Product Number: 51323-19099-SG

Author: Faris S. Bilal, Mazen M. Othayq, Asad Nadeem, Siamack A. Shirazi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Solid particle erosion is a significant challenge for the oil and gas industry, especially on pipeline fittings such as the elbow that change the flow direction. In the past few decades, most of the erosion investigations were done on standard elbows experimentally or numerically using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology. For example, Othayq et al. investigated two standard elbows in a series of 3-inch (76.2 mm) pipe diameters in gas-solid flow.

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Experimental Studies on the Stability of Highly Sour Corrosion Product Layers

Product Number: 51324-21028-SG

Author: Jon Kvarekvål ; Morten Tjelta

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The formation and long-term stability of corrosion product layers formed under sour service conditions with up to 30 bar H2S and 10 bar CO2 have been studied. Corrosion experiments were carried out in autoclaves with exposure times up to six months. The test solutions consisted of different brines with sodium chloride concentrations ranging from 0.1 g/L to 100 g/L. Temperatures were in the range of 15-120 oC. Both weight loss corrosion and localized corrosion data were obtained. 3D profilometry was used to obtain detailed data on pitting and localized corrosion morphology. The effects of the corrosion product layers, predominantly iron sulfides, on general and localized corrosion behavior are discussed on the background of existing literature.

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Experimental Study and Finite Element Modelling of the Cathodic Protection Influence on Parallel Pipelines During Maintenance Operations

Product Number: 51324-20713-SG

Author: Erwan Diler; Yves Zannier; Alexandre Billot; Flavien Vucko; Tiphaine Lutzler

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Dense buried pipelines network, such as in implemented in parallel, can be installed in different process and storage mills, such as geological gas and hydrocarbon storages. Their corrosion resistance is ensured by a combination of organic coating and cathodic protection (CP). For maintenance operation on a specific pipeline, the CP can be turned off for safety reasons. Thus, the operated pipeline can be affected by CP influence from other surrounding protected ones. This phenomenon is supported in the field by different pigging inspections, highlighting local corrosion induced by output stray current on coating defects. In the literature, many studies focused on CP influences by finite and/or boundary element modeling. However, usually the foreign structures considered (under influence) are limited to bare steel or fully coated pipeline. Moreover, most of these studies are not confronted with experimental works. To our knowledge, the actual influence between the different pipelines is not much documented in the literature and not quantified. In this study, an experiment consisting in 3.00 x 1.80 x 0.80 m sand tank, equipped with 4 full scale parallel pipelines, with 17 model defects were realized. The model defects reproduce uniformly degraded coating and local defects. The experimental work allows i) measuring the DC influence under different CP configurations, and ii) providing stray current data for finite element modelling (FEM). The FEM was performed in a two steps i) a CP distribution in terms of current demand and electric field on protected pipelines, and ii) application of this electric field to the foreign pipeline. The good agreement obtained allows a validation the proposed approach and globally assess the riskier scenario in terms of nature of the defect, applied CP and soil environment.

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Expert Corrosion Design Basis Memorandum (E-CDBM)-Corrosion Digital Solution at Your Fingertips

Product Number: MECC23-19866-SG

Author: Siti Kathijah Binti Wahi; Zurina Binti Jamil; Nadiah Binti Muhammad; Ahmad Mustaza Bin Ahmad Rusli; M Faris Bin Mawardi; Mohd Farid Bin Rahmat Sam

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The drives to digitalize the development of Expert Corrosion Design Basis Memorandum (E-CDBM) is due to the pain points involved in the typical development of CDBM. Among the challenges with the typical CDBM development are where longer duration is required for CDBM development due to the CDBM developed by various parties and no standardized format and content available. Without a standard approach in developing CDBM assessment, content, and output may be insufficient.

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Exploring The Truth About Aluminium Flakes As Pigments In Corrosion Protective Coatings

Product Number: 51322-18194-SG

Author: Andreas Løken, Magne Kringberg, Anders W. B. Skilbred, Torstein Lædre

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The success of corrosion protective coating systems relies, to a great extent, on the coatings’ inherent barrier properties. This barrier property signifies the coating’s ability to withstand the permeation of sea water and oxygen, thus minimizing corrosion of the underlying metal. While various additives or pigments can promote the barrier property of coatings, one of the most common pigments is aluminum flakes [1-4].The idea behind their use is simple, and essentially relies on having the aluminum flakes in the coating oriented parallel to the underlying substrate. With them in place, the pathways for sea water and oxygen effectively increase, thus preventing the progression of corrosion. However, while having been employed in numerous coating formulations for many years, the evidence for the success of aluminum flakes as barrier pigments is still lacking.

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Extending Asset Lifecycle With Inspections And Maintenance

Product Number: 51322-18143-SG

Author: Tim Widing, Cortney Chalifoux

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Consistent coating inspections and planned maintenance are essential to asset integrity. Non-existent, delayed, and cursory inspections can allow premature coating breakdown, corrosion, and costly failures. On the other hand, improper maintenance can be ineffective, costly, and wasteful. The challenge involved in executing informative inspections and effective maintenance practices is identifying and understanding the numerous conditions that can contribute to a reduction in the lifecycle of an asset. This paper will discuss some of the aspects involved in identifying coating conditions that are likely to result in failures and developing cost effective coating repair strategies that will extend the life of the asset.

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Extending the Life of an Ageing Forty Two Years Old Offshore Wet Crude Pipeline

Product Number: 51322-17532-SG

Author: Faisal M. Al-Abbas, Qasim Saleem, Bander Al-Otaibi, Balasubramani Bakthavatchalu, Ebadul Haque

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The hydrocarbon exploration in the ocean and deep sea was started as early as early as the 1850s, when the first drilling was carried out in California, USA. Other early oil explorations activities were later recorded in Pakistan (1886), Peru (1869), India (1890) and Dutch East Indies (1893).1 In 1930s, the development of the Gulf of Mexico as an offshore area started with oil first being produced in 1938.1 The production from the North Sea brought more technical challenges to the offshore industry.

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External Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Cl-SCC) of Valve Bonnet 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Stud Bolts

Product Number: 51324-21176-SG

Author: Iyad Al-Buraiki; Mohammed Abu Alsaud; Yousif AlRabie

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Chloride stress corrosion cracking (Cl-SCC) is known to occur in austenitic stainless steels operating at temperatures above 60 °C (150 °F). This paper, however, will discuss external Cl-SCC failures that occurred at ambient conditions. These failures occurred in stainless steel grade 304 bolts used as valve bonnet stud bolts. The failure caused total disengagement of the valve bonnet. These valves were located approximately 1 km from the seashore. In addition, the valves were located underneath a seawater deluge system used for fire protection which was periodically tested resulting in the valves being wetted by seawater. This paper provides details related to the materials, environmental conditions and mechanical properties of these bolts and provides recommendations to avoid such failures in the future.

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External Stress Corrosion Cracking Of In-Situ Carbon Steel Pipelines

Product Number: 51322-17682-SG

Author: Duane Serate, Matthew Krantz, Yashar Behnamian, Haixia Guo, Simon Yuen, Victor Itulua

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

There are hundreds of kilometers of above-ground carbon steel pipelines located in 32 in-situ oilsands facilities operated by 18 producers in Alberta Canada, with a total thermal oilsands capacity (operating) of 1.8 million barrels per day. A typical in-situ oilsands operation is for recovering bitumen located 75 meters or more below the surface, by the injection of steam.

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Extreme high-speed laser application of coating to prevent hydrogen embrittlement in metals

Product Number: 51323-19546-SG

Author: Yingwei Wu, Josh Barras, Jhonattan Gutjahr, Carl Hauser, Yuanbo T. Tang, Roger C. Reed, W. Mark Rainforth

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Hydrogen as a promising alternative energy source that is forecasted to potentially transform future power generation toward new-zero. However, its widespread adoption has proven challenging owing to difficulties around storage, transportation, and usage due to catastrophic failures i.e. hydrogen embrittlement (HE). This is particularly severe for high-strength structural steel that must be designed against fatal fractures; it is also relevant to parts that are not designed for hydrogen exposure due to the prevention of accidental spill or leakage.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance