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Metallic material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) for petroleum production, drilling, gathering and flowline equipment and field processing facilities to be used in hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-bearing hydrocarbon service. Historical Document 2000
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Metallic material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) for petroleum production, drilling, gathering/flowline equipment and field processing facilities to be used in H2S-bearing hydrocarbon service. Historical Document 2001
Metallic material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) for petroleum production, drilling, gathering and flowline equipment in hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-bearing hydrocarbon service. Historical Document 2002
Metallic material requirements to provide resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and/or stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for petroleum production, drilling, gathering and flow line equipment in H2S service. Historical document 2003
HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. This NACE Standard establishes material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in sour refinery process environments, i.e., environments that contain wet hydrogen sulfide (H2S). It is intended to be used by refineries, equipment manufacturers, engineering contractors, and construction contractors.
In the oil and gas industry, the major standard for material selection today is ANSI1/NACE2 MR0175/ISO 15156 Parts 1-3. [1] While this standard deals extensively with environment cracking and its prevention for materials under exposure to production environments containing H2S, CO2, chlorides, and sulfur, it does not include any guidance or material requirements for resistance to environmental cracking (such as hydrogen stress cracking – HSC, or otherwise) under variable subsea conditions that involve exposure to seawater with varying levels of cathodic protection (CP). ISO 21457 [2] provides further guidance for materials selection and corrosion control for oil and gas production systems but does not provide adequate coverage of the issue of environmental cracking in subsea applications with CP.
Pipelines and rigid risers made in conventional X65 grade require large wall thickness to withstand the high loads imposed during installation and under operating conditions in deep and ultra-deepwater field developments. The use of high-strength steels like X80 is an attractive alternative since it improves catenary weight by reducing wall thickness.
During the last decades, low alloyed steels with improved resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) have been developed for covering specific applications as heavy wall casings1 or expandable tubings2 or for reaching higher mechanical properties, such as 125 ksi Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS) materials.3-6 For the latter, relevant sour environments for developed grades are mild, meaning that all sour applications cannot be covered while a strong interest exists for O&G operators to use high strength materials when designing wells. Consequently, there is an incentive to push the limits of use of high strength sour service steels by enhancing their resistance to SSC. Several recommendations were already published when designing high strength sour service grades: hardness level shall be limited as much as possible and be preferentially below 22 HRC7, microstructure shall present a minimum required amount of martensite8 which is well known to be ideal for combining high mechanical properties and high resistance to hydrogen. Besides, many authors highlighted some other influencing parameters related to the material or the process.
This is Part I of a two-part series intended to provide background and a rational justification or supporting rationale for requirements leading to the development and publication of NACE(1) MR 0175 and ISO(2) 15156. Part I focuses on some of the metallurgical and processing requirements; specifically, Rockwell C 22 scale (HRC) limit, the various acceptable heat treatments and the 1wt% Ni limit for carbon and low alloy steels to minimize the threat of sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in H2S containing environments. Part II describes the testing and rationale behind the use of accelerated laboratory test procedures and their development to differentiate metallurgical behavior in sour environments.
This paper is Part II of a two-part series intended to narrate the history, some of which has been forgotten over time, leading up to the publication of the first Material Requirement (MR-01-75) standard prepared by NACE and its subsequent auxiliary standards. Previously, Part I1 described the field observations and discussed the metallurgical factors that were being investigated by the historical NACE T-1B and 1F committees to support the development a “harmonized” sour service materials standard. In Part II, we focus on the rationale behind the use of accelerated laboratory test procedures and their development to differentiate metallurgical behavior in sour environments.
Due to the increasing interest of the O&G industry on high grade tubulars working at high pressures, the assessment of operational conditions of Oil country Tubular Goods (OCTG) subjected to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) is of particular importance.
AMPP adopts different test methods to evaluate material susceptibility to SSC in wet H2S environments, for which, Method D according to NACE TM0177 determines a quantitative value of material resistance using a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimen that can be used for design and qualification purposes. This is a crack arrest type fracture mechanics test that can be traced back to the work of Heady in 1977 in which the material resistance to propagation of environmental cracks is expressed in terms of a critical stress intensity factor, KIssc.