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Guidelines for specification writing for handling and installing nickel-based alloy, stainless steel & titanium linings in air pollution control equipment. Materials, design, delivery, storage & handling.
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Water electrolysis is a process that uses electricity, potentially from renewable energy sources, to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Among water electrolysis technologies, alkaline electrolysis is the most developed and commercially available, but PEM electrolysis is emerging as a more efficient solution. It presents several advantages, such as the possibility to operate at high pressure and high current density for production of hydrogen.
Stabilized austenitic stainless steel (SS) grade 347 is used extensively in high-temperature processes in the petroleum refining industry, while duplex SS (DSS) grade 2205 is a relatively newer material in the industry. Though these grades of SSs perform well in refinery process streams, there are incidents of failure of process equipment attributable to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The paper deals with a study on the cracking susceptibility of SS grade 347 and DSS grade 2205 in refinery simulated process environments containing hydrogen sulfide and chloride. The paper also reports the electrochemical behavior of these SSs in the medium containing hydrogen sulfide and chloride. The electrochemical behavior of the alloys was assessed by cyclic polarization experiments. Slow strain rate test (SSRT) was used to evaluate the susceptibility of the alloys to SCC. The cyclic polarization studies indicate that the H2S – chloride synergism had a pronounced effect on the localized corrosion susceptibility of 347 SS, while the effect was marginal on the alloy DSS 2205. The SCC susceptibility of 347 SS and DSS 2205 is strongly influenced by hydrogen sulfide-chloride synergism. Initiation of corrosion pits and the sulfidation of active pits due to the synergism were the important steps in the initiation of SCC.
Since the 1980s, a range of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) has been developed that have higher alloy content, and therefore greater corrosion resistance and strength. The commonly used DSSs have good corrosion resistance in a wide range of environments and excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Their high strength and hardness also gives them excellent resistance to both erosion corrosion and cavitation. There are also cast versions of many of the duplex compositions and these have seen extensive use for pumps, valves, and other equipment.
This study exposed sections from two commercially shot peened S30409 tubes in 1 bar steam for up to 15,000 h at 600°, 625° and 650°C and specimens were removed at increments to characterize the oxide thickness and microstructure.
Fracture mechanical specimens of the compact tension (CT) type are normally used in tests that study stress corrosion crack (SCC) growth rates (CGR). Normally, the width, W, is twice the thickness, B (W=2B), and B for common specimen sizes is 12.5 or 25 mm. The specimen size can be changed by scaling its dimensions.
Cyclic polarization measurements were used to illustrate the corrosion and passive behavior of the stainless steels under the tail gas conditions. Electrochemical behavior of stainless steels in SO2-saturated solutions with various concentrations of Cl- and F- was also studied.