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IR 4.0 Integrity Management Using Data Analytics

Product Number: MPWT19-15487

Author: Dr. Haaken Ahnfelt, Dr. Luis Caetano, Dr. Hilde Aas Nøst, Dr. Knut Nordanger, Reidar Kind, Dr. Zeeshan Lodhi, Dr. Lay Seong Teh

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

One of the pillars of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) is to let machines make decisions on behalf of humans; this paper describes new technology that allows machines to decide inspection programs and field validation and testing of results. The technology described is a part of integrity management, and uses data, statistics and expert decisions to design inspection programs. These inspection programs are an important part of the safeguarding of equipment to maintain production and safety.
This technology is a data-driven predictive model of material loss from corrosion, based on domain expert input and historical data in the form of non-destructive testing (NDT) tests. The technology trends is based on historical data and SME input, while accounting for uncertainties in NDT measurements, with uncertainties in historical trends and uncertainties in future trends. This produces a more realistic failure prediction to enhance existing RBIs and adds safety by improving on early detection of trends in data. In total, this enables the machine to update inspection plans autonomously, reducing the number of inspections significantly.
The paper also describes how the technology can be developed further to use production data and integrity operating windows to improve predictions, deal with localised corrosion and assess if the test points on a corrosion circuit are sufficient, can be reduced in number or should be manually evaluated by adding more test points.

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IR 4.0 Knowledge Technology for Managing Risks Associated with Refining Various Crudes

Product Number: MPWT19-15463

Author: Bilal Abdallah, Maana, Inc.

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Knowledge technology provides energy companies with knowledgeable applications that help them make better decisions faster in all decision points. One such knowledge application (CrudeFlex) is related to supporting the decisions of purchasing certain crudes to be processed in certain refineries through properly evaluating the risks associated with processing such crudes.
In this paper, we discuss the basic concepts of knowledge modeling and how specifically CrudeFlex was developed as a knowledge application, how it works and how rifineries are leveraging it to strengthen their competitive edge and proactively evaluate and manage risks associated with the crudes.
The new generation of knowledge applications are powered by a combination of computational knowledge graphs and computational algorithms. These algorithms encode the expertise of subject-matter experts, such as process engineers and combine their experience with decades of historical data extracted from databases, documents, and sensors in addition to ever-growing corpus of technical research to support better decisions faster. This technology enriches and combines companies’ internal siloed data with public data to create an integrated digital knowledge layer. Engineers can evaluate and manage the risks associated with known processing and new crudes in any of their refineries.
Refining engineers have easy access to knowledge related to people, equipment, vendors, crudes and more, so that they can make better, more informed decisions faster. In this paper, we show how the application of such algorithms helps the reading of hundreds of thousands of historical reports to harvest knowledge about the risks, and store the extracted knowledge in an enterprise digital knowledge layer, saving millions of dollars by enabling experienced engineers to make significantly better decisions faster through using the harvested and captured knowledge.

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Is 22 HRC the right threshold for TMCP large diameter pipes in severe sour environment?

Product Number: 51323-18943-SG

Author: Hervé Marchebois, Christophe Mendibide, Bruce Cowe, Carole Dessolin

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The manufacturing and field experience of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel plates produced by Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process (TMCP) are well defined in industry standards and literature. The TMCP method consists of a well-prescribed rolling pass schedule followed by accelerated cooling that leads to a fine-grain microstructure with the desired mechanical properties of the produced plates.
Quite recently, this TMCP process resulted in detrimental local variations with hidden hardness variations on pipe ID, so-called Local hard Zones (LHZ).

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Is it MIC or Pitting Corrosion? An Insight in a Common Overlapping

Product Number: 51320-14719-SG

Author: Mohammed Al Muaisub

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Although Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a critical damage mechanism that had been researched for decades in different environments, yet diagnosing a specific industrial failure to be attributed to MIC can still be challenging. The challenge of accurately identifying an MIC failure is partially due to the similarity of the failure morphology with other damage mechanisms, e.g., pitting corrosion due to chloride. Furthermore, the variously proposed initiation and propagation mechanisms for different types of bacteria may illustrate to the failure analyst that the MIC mechanisms are not yet well established. The confusion of MIC failure identification could also be aggravated by the fact that the presence of bacteria in a system does not necessarily mean that MIC is the culprit. Therefore, this paper will shed some light on the overlapping areas between MIC and pitting corrosion, especially the morphology of the attack. Moreover, several steps will be highlighted and discussed on how to correctly identify if MIC is the culprit in a specific failure.

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Is Surface Charge Important for Scaling on Polymeric Matrices?

Product Number: 51323-19524-SG

Author: P.D. Natsi, G.Ziomas, Th. Kourassi, P.G. Koutsoukos

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The formation of inorganic scale deposits in numerous waters mediated industrial applications takes place by heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth. These processes depend on the supersaturation of the solution in contact with respect to the depositing salt, on the characteristic features of the surface on which scaling takes place, temperature, fluid velocity and the presence of foreign substances. Despite the importance of the surface on which salts form, very few studies have focused on this issue.

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Is the Standardized SSC Testing Approach Applicable for Dense Phase CO2 Applications?

Product Number: 51324-20933-SG

Author: Klas Solberg; Kari Lønvik ; Riccardo Rizzo; Erling Østby; Bente Leinum

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Increased tolerance levels for impurities in CO2 compositions for pipeline transport will give considerable value to CCS projects. Increasing the allowable H2S limits may impose a risk for sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and corrosion. ISO 15156 defines the testing requirements for SSC for oil and gas production, however, CCS applications are not considered in the standard and need to be fully understood in order to provide the right requirements. This work presents preliminary results from an ongoing project with the objective to establish the allowable H2S limit in pipelines transporting CO2 and to establish whether it is possible to represent dense phase SSC behavior by testing in ambient conditions. Autoclave four-point bending test results and simulations are presented and further used to discuss the implications of correlating the dense phase conditions to ambient conditions.

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Is Your CIS Data Accurate?

Product Number: 51322-17809-SG

Author: Jay Warner, Randy Hilgart

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Electrical potential surveys are typically required to be completed on a periodic basis on cathodically protected structures such as underground pipelines. However, proving that a cathodic protection system is providing the degree of corrosion protection required can often be a time-consuming and error prone endeavor. It is a typical practice, and often required, to interrupt the CP source(s) to carry out these surveys, the accuracy of which is affected by several factors, including the presence and inherent function of DC decouplers.

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ISO 27913 - Example for Successful Standardization Activities in the Field of CCUS

Product Number: 51324-20592-SG

Author: Ralph Bäßler

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Since 2016 ISO Technical Committee (TC) 265 is working on standardization the whole CCS-process chain. Around 30 countries are working together to provide international guidelines. As ISO 279131 was the first standard finished within these activities it is already in the stage of first revision. The objective of ISO 27913 is “to provide specific requirements and recommendations on certain aspects of safe and reliable design, construction and operation of pipelines intended for the large-scale transportation of CO2 that are not already covered in existing pipeline standards such as ISO 136232, ASME B31.83, EN 15944, AS 28855 or other standards. Existing pipeline standards cover many of the issues related to the design and construction of CO2 pipelines; however, there are some CO2 specific issues that are not adequately covered in these standards. The purpose of this document is to cover these issues consistently. Hence, this document is not a standalone standard, but is written to be a supplement to other existing pipeline standards for natural gas or liquids for both onshore and offshore pipelines. This contribution shall provide information on the content, the current stage of the revision process, encourage to contribute to this standard and make listeners aware to consider the influence of ISO standard on documents currently in draft.

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Issues with Correlation between Accelerated Test Methods and Field Performance

Product Number: 51324-20975-SG

Author: Gunnar Dunér; Ted Best; Dongrui Yang; Victoria Gelling

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Lifetime prediction often relies on various accelerated methods with the end goal of accurately predicting time-to-failure and failure modes which may occur during real-world exposure. This presentation will focus on a case study for organic coatings over a coil-type metal substrate. Samples from 2011 were evaluated by multiple corrosion, humidity, flexibility, and adhesion measurements prior to field exposure at two test fences in Florida. An unexpected field failure, general blistering, was observed relatively rapidly after the field exposure commenced. This study focuses on data analysis of the 2011 physical and corrosion tests, field exposure results, and recent electrochemical and microscopic evaluations of unexposed 2011 retain samples. The retain samples were from the same 2011 study, but they were never tested and were maintained wrapped on a shelf in a laboratory. No correlation was observed between the standard 2011 tests and the resulting field performance. However, newer test methods, including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) cross-section analysis with elemental mapping, provided insight into the reason for the field blister failure. The proposed mechanism of failure was inconsistencies in pretreatment deposition which caused inconsistent EIS performance and localized blistering upon field testing.

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It’s Stainless Steel, We Don’t Need to Worry……Right?

Product Number: 51323-19530-SG

Author: Rafael Zamora, Will Durnie, Chris Williams, Joe Gleeson, Tim Evans

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

This paper focuses on the risk of corrosion of austenitic stainless steels following exposure to oxygenated chloride containing waters, such as during hydrotesting or commissioning activities.

Hydrotesting is an activity typically occurring during construction intended to confirm the component's structural integrity for the design and operating pressure. The commissioning phase can use the same water in multiple systems for dynamic commissioning.

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K / Size Effects on the Crack Growth Rate of Irradiated Stainless Steels of Boiling Water Reactors

Product Number: ED22-17304-SG

Author: Masato Koshiishi, Ryoji Obata, Shigeaki Tanaka

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) is a phenomenon caused by neutron irradiation of austenitic stainless steels (SSs). The crack growth rates (CGRs) of IASCC for boiling water reactor (BWR) components are needed for assessments to ensure component integrity. The CGR formula has been proposed as a function of the stress intensity factor (K).

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Key Points Specifically For Transmission Pipeline Coating

Product Number: 51322-17760-SG

Author: Ron Raphoon

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The bulk of a pipeline coating is shop applied and those processes are typically automated. Because
the automation of pipeline coating has so many controls, there is little need to address the inspection on the body of the mainline coatings. As such, this paper will address inspection of pipeline specific coating types and their unique considerations in a field environment. It will address concerns around tie-ing into other coating types and compatibility.

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Association for Materials Protection and Performance