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Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Different Line Pipe Grade Steels in Gaseous H2 Environment

Product Number: 51324-21101-SG

Author: Milan Agnani; Chris San Marchi; Joseph Ronevich

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The existing natural gas (NG) pipeline network is being considered to transport pure gaseous hydrogen (GH2) or blends of NG and GH2 for domestic and industrial energy needs, in an effort to reduce global CO2 emissions. The toughness and ductility of ferritic steels are reduced in the presence of GH2. In order to assess the viability of GH2 gas distribution via NG pipeline networks, it is necessary to understand the fatigue and fracture response of the materials in the network, including the various pipeline steels. Hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth (FCG) and fracture behavior of five different modern line pipe grade steels (X52, X70, X80, X100, and X120) were evaluated in high-purity GH2 at pressure of 210 bar, where the tensile strength increases with grade, X120 displaying the highest strength. The X52 and X70 steels feature ferrite with small amounts of pearlite in the microstructure. The X80 steel has a combination of polygonal and acicular ferrite, whereas the X100 and X120 steels contain fine ferritic and bainitic microstructures. The different pipeline steels exhibit similar accelerated FCG rates in the presence of GH2, irrespective of the strength and microstructural constituents. A significant reduction in the fracture resistance is observed for all the steels in GH2 as compared to air, although elastic-plastic fracture (J-R) behavior is maintained in GH2. Contrary to FCG rates, hydrogen-assisted fracture is affected by the microstructure and strength of the steel; higher strength steels exhibit lower fracture resistance and lower tearing modulus, analogous to the generally expected trends in air. Selected fracture surfaces are analyzed to rationalize the influence of microstructure and strength on hydrogen-assisted fracture of this class of steels.

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Fatigue and Static Crack Growth Rate of Cr-Mn Stainless Steel in Aerated Brine Simulating Drilling Applications

Product Number: 51323-19152-SG

Author: Ashwini Chandra, Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper, Ramgopal Thodla

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Directional drilling tools for oil and gas exploration is one industrial application where Manganese (Mn)-stabilized austenitic stainless steels with different amounts of other alloying elements like Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Molybdenum (Mo) have found extensive use in spite of the demanding requirements in terms of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The limited resistance of this type of austenitic stainless steels to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in hot chloride (Cl-)-containing environments is well known. Chloride-bearing environments at elevated temperatures are not uncommon in drilling operations and can indeed challenge the EAC-resistance of CrMn-stainless steels

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Fatigue And Static Crack Growth Rate Study Of X-65 Line Pipe Steel In Gas Transmission Pipeline Applications

Product Number: 51321-16721-SG

Author: Ashwini Chandra; Ramgopal Thodla; Joseph Tylczak; Margaret Ziomek-Moroz

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Fatigue Crack Initiation In Zr-2.5Nb Tested In Heavy-Water At 300°C

Product Number: ED22-17233-SG

Author: H.M. Nordin, A.J. Phillion, Q. Wang, M. Lenzi, H.Yu, T.M. Karlsen

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Pressure tubes, manufactured from Zr-2.5Nb, are used within a CANDU power reactor to contain the fuel bundles and coolant forming the primary pressure boundary in the core with an expected operating lifetime of 25 years. As part of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) fitness-for-service requirements for pressure tubes, flaws or stress risers that potentially lead to cracks cannot exist in pressure tubes in operating reactors. Flaws may include: fuel bundle scratches, crevice corrosion marks, fuel bundle bearing pad fretting flaws and debris fretting flaws.

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Fatigue Loading of Test Specimens with Galvanically Induced Corrosion Damage Provides New Insight to Guide Fracture Mechanics Modeling

Product Number: 51324-20989-SG

Author: Thomas Curtin; Sharon Mellings; Ivan Karayan; Robert Adey; Joe Indeck

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Airframe structural components commonly experience galvanic damage at dissimilar metal connections following deterioration of insulating sealants or breakdown in coating protection systems. Of particular concern is the often-hidden corrosion damage that occurs inside fastener holes. Aggressive electrolytes can develop in these occluded spaces leading to the formation of multiple crack initiation sites and a compromise in the structural integrity of the component. To investigate this type of damage, laboratory testing was undertaken to evaluate fatigue life in AA 7075-T651 dog-bone specimens that included side holes fitted with CFRP inserts. The CFRP insert was used to introduce galvanic damage under thin film atmospheric corrosion conditions but removed prior to actual fatigue testing. Fatigue tests were conducted under constant amplitude loading, at R-ratios of 0.05, 0.6, and 0.89, in both air and 4.5M NaCl solution. Using a three-dimensional, fatigue crack growth (FCG) program, BEASY, complex crack propagation path evolution, and transition from surface flaw to through-crack was accurately represented. By selecting appropriate crack growth kinetics, the environmental effects on fatigue life were quantitatively determined for different modeling scenarios. Fractographic images of crack initiating features (corrosion pits, constituent particle clusters) were used to guide the location and sizing of initial flaws. Fatigue crack growth kinetic data, collected in both air and NaCl solution, was used to drive crack growth simulations. Modeling scenarios included the propagation of both single dominant flaws and multiple interacting flaws; the FCG life was evaluated for each case. This modeling work provides new insight for understanding how advanced fracture mechanics modeling capability can be used to improve life prediction of corroded components.

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Fatigue Properties of Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys and their Application in Design and FFS

Product Number: 51323-19188-SG

Author: Nathaniel G. Sutton, Phillip E. Prueter

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Zirconium and Zirconium alloys have been used successfully in a range of corrosive environments, both as base materials and as cladding on other backing materials. Zirconium is used extensively as fuel-rod “cladding” in nuclear reactors. In the chemical process industries, Zirconium and its alloys are used in urea production, acetic acid and vinyl acetate production, and various sulfuric, hydrochloric, and organic acid services.

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Fe3O4, FeCO3 or FeS - Which Corrosion Product Will Prevail at High Temperature in CO2/H2S Environments?

Product Number: 51320-14413-SG

Author: Shujun Gao, Bruce Brown, David Young, Srdjan Nesic, Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Sweet (CO2) and sour (H2S) corrosion have continuously been a challenge in oil and gas production and transportation. Yet, some key issues are still not well understood, especially at high temperature production conditions. A CO2/H2S ratio of 500, which has been used (often inaccurately) to determine which corrosion mechanism is dominant, is probably even less valid at high temperature. The nature of the corrosion products forming at high temperature in CO2/H2S environments and their effects on the corrosion rate are not known. Finally, the impact on pipeline integrity of environmental changes between sweet and sour production conditions (simulating reservoir souring) has not been well documented. CO2, H2S, and CO2/H2S corrosion experiments were conducted at 120oC to investigate corrosion mechanisms and corrosion product layer formation at high temperature. The results show that the corrosion products were still clearly dominated by H2S under the pCO2/pH2S ratio of 550. Formation of Fe3O4, FeCO3, and FeS corrosion product layers had a direct impact on the measured corrosion rates and was dependent on the gas composition and on the sequence of exposure (CO2 then H2S and vice versa). Compared with H2S corrosion alone, the presence of CO2 could retard Fe3O4 formation in CO2/H2S mixture environment. No obvious change in steady state corrosion rate was observed when the corrosion environment was switched from CO2 to H2S and vice versa.

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Feasibility Assessment for Cathodic Protection of High Level Nuclear Waste Tanks

Product Number: 51324-21160-SG

Author: Kenton Lawson; Bruce Wiersma; Barbara Nicole Padgett; Sandeep Chawla; John Beavers

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper summarizes an assessment of the feasibility of implementing cathodic protection (CP) as an internal corrosion prevention strategy for nuclear waste storage tanks. The study investigates the principles of cathodic protection and its applicability to the unique environment of nuclear waste storage. By reviewing the relevant literature, this research explores the various threats and challenges associated with implementing CP in this specific context. A boundary element analysis (BEA) model of a steel tank with a simplified impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system was developed using polarization curves that were experimentally measured from coupons in simulated waste. This model was developed to evaluate the interaction of electrochemical potentials of the various waste layers within the tank. The modeling results indicate that the simulated ICCP system is capable of shifting the polarized potentials of the internal tank surfaces to levels required to mitigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion.

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Feasibility Journey - Feasibility of Repurposing Existing Natural Gas Network to Transport Hydrogen - Natural Gas Blends at the Distribution Level

Product Number: 51324-20936-SG

Author: Saba N. Esmaeely; Shane Finneran; Andrew Cummings; Daan Jonas Hottentot Cederløf ; Sander Gersen

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Decarbonization of energy systems requires transitioning existing energy systems to use with low carbon sources. As part of such transitions, existing natural gas networks are being evaluated for compatibility with transporting hydrogen – natural gas (H2 – NG) blends, as a steppingstone to potentially transport 100% hydrogen. Utilizing the existing networks provides opportunities for time and cost-efficient transitions overcoming the high cost of, and public resistance to, building new infrastructures. A comprehensive, system-wide assessment of existing infrastructure is the first step in determining the feasibility of such transitions, from both technical and safety aspects. Such an assessment should consider the potential challenges that are generally recognized with hydrogen or hydrogen - natural gas blends and evaluate potential impacts on the materials, operational, and safety and system performance characteristics of the systems. A thorough assessment should encompass a study of the entire network including the feasibility from multiple facets in order to provide an acceptable range of H2 concentration (H2%) to be safely blended with natural gas without substantial modification to the existing infrastructure. This should include the compatibility of the material and equipment throughout the entire network with H2, considering material interaction, system integrity, process and performance, equipment accuracy and functionality, chemical compatibility, storage and handling, and customer (i.e., end-use) compatibility. The current paper portrays the steps and challenges that should be considered in the feasibility assessment of each material population, end use and equipment population at the distribution level.

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FEM Simulation Analysis Of The Pipe-Casing Under Cathodic Protection

Product Number: 51322-17713-SG

Author: Andrea Brenna, Luca Paterlini, Mehdi Attarchi, Marco Ormellese

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A crossing between buried pipelines and transportation arteries such as railways and highways is a common reality. Nowdays it is ordinary practice, and standards are available for such pratctise¹, to protect such pipelines by encasing them in a wider pipe, named Casing. The goal is to protect the carrier pipe providing an outer shell capable of withstanding mechanical stresses and eventual corrosion, without leakage risk. In usual conditions this kind of safety measure should not be necessary, still due to the difficult maintenance and monitoring accessibility below railways and highways it becomes a dependable protection method and device.

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Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP): Resin And Corrosion Barrier Selection - The Testing Behind The Recommendation

Product Number: 51322-17961-SG

Author: Lisa Adkins

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) equipment has been used in a variety of chemical industries for over 60 years. It is critical to choose the correct FRP material for the specific chemical environment. In the chemical processing industry, vinyl ester resins are used in a variety of applications including strong acid and caustic environments, chlor-alkali environments, chlorine, bleach, and fertilizer applications. FRP equipment is used in the oil and gas industry to handle crude oil, fire water storage and underground fuel storage. Regardless of the chemical application, the process for evaluating the resin involves specific testing per ASTM C-581^[1], Standard Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Structures Intended for Liquid Service.

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Field and Laboratory Evaluation of an Automated Bacterial Bioburden Measurement Device

Product Number: 51323-19047-SG

Author: M, Miller, A, Steffensen, J. Fajt

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Metal corrosion associated with the growth and reproduction of microorganisms is known as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). MIC causes damage to metal surfaces in several water-based industries including drinking water distribution, cooling water equipment, sewage treatment, underground pipes, bilges, piping, and tanks of maritime vessels. MIC is extensively seen in the oil and gas industry.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance