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Proposal Of 18Cr-8Ni Based Austenitic Stainless Steel With Superior Stress Relaxation Cracking Resistance

Product Number: 51322-17536-SG

Author: Takahiro Osuki, Yuhei Suzuki, Shinnosuke Kurihara, Toshihide Ono, Masaki Ueyama

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Various austenitic stainless steels such as UNS S30409, S31609, S32109 and 34709 are widely used in complex refinery or chemical plants at temperature ranges between 550°C and 950°C. However, Stress Relaxation Cracking (SRC) in welded joints or cold deformed parts has been a serious problem during fabrication or operation. Several researches were conducted to construct SRC test methods. This included the evaluation of SRC susceptibilities among various austenitic stainless steels and to determine SRC mechanism within TNO Science and Industry or JIP^1-4. It was concluded that SRC was caused by the accommodation of strain due to both carbide/nitride precipitation hardening inhibiting dislocation movement and the formation of precipitation free zone along the M₂₃C₆ carbide at grain boundary during stress relaxation process of welding residual stresses at temperatures between 550°C and 750°C.

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Proposal of a New Corrosion Index for Domestic Tap Water In Japan

Product Number: 51323-19056-SG

Author: Yuji Nakamura, Yasuki Matsukawa, Shinji Okazaki, Shukuji Asakura

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Japanese tap water has a low calcium hardness compared with those of countries in Europe and the Americas. There are many steep mountains and volcanos in Japan. These geological factors lead to features such as short rivers with water rich in SiO2. This leads to a lack of calcium compounds in river water because the flow rate is high and the dissolution rate of CaCO3 into water is low.

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Proposed Crack Growth Rate Disposition Curves For Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Alloy 82 In BWR Environments

Product Number: ED22-18349-SG

Author: Peter L. Andresen, Robert G. Carter, Katsuhiko Kumagai

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

SCC in Fe- and Ni-base alloys has been observed in high temperature water, both in the laboratory tests and in BWRs. SCC results from complex interactions of ~10 primary variables and hundreds of secondary variables, broadly categorized in terms of stress, environment and microstructure.

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Proposed Crack Growth Rate Disposition Curves For Stress Corrosion Cracking Of Alloy 82 In BWR Environments

Product Number: ED22-18350-SG

Author: P.L. Andresen, D.J. Shim, T. Terachi, T. Yamada, Y. Nomura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A database of SCC growth rates in commercial austenitic stainless steels exposed to pressurized water reactor (PWR) primary water environments was developed and analyzed from international data in high temperature water, with an emphasis on deaerated or hydrogenated water while also including water containing oxygen. Crack growth rate (CGR) disposition equations were derived to reflect the effects of stress intensity factor (K), temperature, Vickers hardness (HV, to represent retained deformation), with enhancement factors for oxygen-containing, high corrosion potential conditions. The tolerance to chloride and sulfate impurities in PWR primary water was also evaluated.

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Proposed Inclusion of UNS S82031 Into ASTM A1084

Product Number: 51324-21017-SG

Author: Jan Y Jonsson; Claes Tigerstrand; Björn Helmersson; James Oliver

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

For new products there are always a need to include them in relevant standards. One of the major areas of standards are the ones verifying that the final solution annealing has been adequate not creating detrimental levels of precipitates. For duplex stainless steels the ASTM A923 and ASTM A1084 serve well for this purpose. The relatively new duplex steel UNS S82031 should be fitted in either of the two standards. It has been shown earlier that ASTM A1084, intended for leaner duplex steels, which does not precipitate intermetallic phases, fits better as these do not precipitate easily in UNS S82031. A modified, somewhat more aggressive, test solution for method C has also been evaluated and is proposed as a more relevant solution for the inclusion of UNS S82031 and possibly also other mid-range duplexes into ASTM A1084.

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Proposed Test Protocol for Evaluating Internal Coating Systems for Railcar Sour Oil Applications

Product Number: 51324-20646-SG

Author: Amal Al-Borno; Moavin Islam; Henry Pedraza

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Crude oil is usually transported by pipelines from the production areas to refineries. However, in North America, particularly Canada, a significant amount of crude oil is transported via specially designed railcars. The internals of the railcars are typically coated with a high-quality coating system to prevent corrosion. Still, coating failures do occur due to the unique cyclic operating service conditions of the railcars. Thus, elevated temperatures are used to reduce fluid viscosity with a resultant increase in the vapor pressure while the loading of the oil in the railcars. Once loaded, the crude is transported under ambient temperature and pressure until the railcars reach their destination. During off-loading, elevated temperatures are again used for reducing the viscosity of the oil. After emptying the contents, the railcars are allowed to return to ambient conditions and sent back to the production area to repeat the loading, transportation, unloading cycle. Currently, there is no established test protocol to evaluate candidate coating systems for railcar internals under simulated operating conditions. Testing is usually done under a single set of operating conditions of loading or unloading and does not include the synergistic effect of the different temperature variations. This paper presents a detailed test protocol for evaluating candidate coating systems for railcar internals. The proposed test protocol was designed to simulate the expected service conditions of railcars using a modified NACE TM0185-2006 test procedure, “Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods by Autoclave Testing”. The modification includes the cyclic service condition of railcars – fuel loading, loaded transportation, off-loading, dry heat and empty transportation.

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Protecting Steel Reinforcement by Coating Concrete with Thermal Spray Zinc

Product Number: 51324-20750-SG

Author: Bernardo Duran; Wade Campbell; Evan Stuart

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper, which serves to accompany a presentatiopn at the AMPP Annual Conference 2024, discusses the preperation and coating of coincrete with thermal spray zinc to protect the underlying steel reinforcement from corrosion on two bridges in regon. Descriptions cover the inspection, preperation, and repair of the concrete, and then follow up woth explanations on the application of the thermal zinc coating. Lastly, the presentation will summarize how the anode provided by the zinc coating protects the underlying steel reinforcement, and how it can be maintained and inspected over ites expected service life.

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Protective Coatings Against Formation of Scale Deposits

Product Number: 51323-19528-SG

Author: P.D. Natsi, E. Zande, P.G. Koutsoukos

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Polymers have played an essential role in development of technology, applied engineering, and materials. Metallic counterparts in medical, construction, energy, water treatment, and electronic applications, are often replaced by polymers. Their characteristics such as wide range of elasticity, strength and degradability make them ideal for numerous applications.

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PWSCC Crack Growth Rate Testing Of Wrought And HIP Alloy 625 In A PWR Environment.

Product Number: ED22-18522-SG

Author: J. Borg, S. Medway, F. Pickering, C. Smith

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

This paper will discuss the crack growth rates measured for four different heats of HIP material and discuss possible relationships with hardness and stress intensity factor, along with considerations of grain size and features observed on the fracture surface.

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Qualification Methods of Seamless Tubes for H2 Gas Applications

Product Number: 51324-20737-SG

Author: Florian Thebault; Vincent Designolle

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Sour service is frequently perceived as an appropriate material selection by default for high pressure hydrogen service. So a documented review of sour versus hydrogen gas charging is given, in terms of their respective hydrogen fugacities, hydrogen sources, surface states and crack tip blunting. This global view is susceptible to affect the selection of the test methodology for material qualification. Constant displacement and step loading fracture mechanics tests were performed on an OCTG K55 at room temperature and 100 bar of H2 gas. Results differ with the test method, which was found to be linked to the steepness of the crack growth resistance curve.

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Qualification of Low Temperature Cure, Thin-Film Linings for Aboveground Storage Tanks

Product Number: 51323-18767-SG

Author: Haralampos Tsaprailis, Shan Rao, Jiajun Liang

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

This paper presents the laboratory qualification program utilized to compare four lining systems for application down to -10°C (14°F). The lining systems were applied and cured at -10 °C (14 °F). Cure of the lining systems was monitored using differential scanning calorimetry and adhesion testing, while the performance of the linings was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and autoclave and standard atlas cell testing. One of the four lining systems, Product C, a 71% volume solids epoxy that contained zinc phosphate, exhibited the most potential for low temperature field implementation.

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Qualification of Seamless X60QOS and X65QOS Line Pipe Grades for Extreme Sour Service Conditions with Partial Pressure of H2S beyond 1 Bar

Product Number: MPWT19-15127

Author: Florian THEBAULT, Laurent LADEUILLE, Harold EVIN, Laurent LAMPS

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Seamless X60QOS and X65QOS line pipes are widely used for offshore and onshore Sour Service applications. Sour Service refers to the risk of hydrogen related cracking as Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC). The International standard (NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156) provides requirements for assessing the resistance to SSC, specifically on how to qualify for use in region 3 of the environmental severity diagram (Figure 1 in paragraph 7.2.1.2 of part 2). It is requested to expose materials in an acid solution saturated by 1 bar of H2S (NACE TM0177 Solution A) and to apply a tensile stress above 80% AYS by means of different methods: uniaxial tensile, C-ring or Four-Points Bend. However, for very sour fields presenting H2S partial pressures much higher than 1 bar, the preservation of the SSC resistance might be questioned and is presently a major concern for the O&G industry.
The present paper is dedicated to the evaluation of the SSC resistance of seamless quenched and tempered X65 grades, including the girth weld in the standard NACE TM0177 Solution A up to 15 bar of H2S partial pressure. Corrosion tests consisted of four-point bend tests performed in autoclave vessels. Different test configurations were investigated as specimen sampling locations through the wall thickness and surface state preparation.

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Association for Materials Protection and Performance