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Material Selection for anthropogenic CO2 injection: mechanical and corrosion performances of steels under dense CO2 with impurities

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) are technologies aimed at capturing CO2, followed by transportation to a storage site and injection into one of several types of stable geological formations, to trap and prevent its subsequent emission. Though CO2 transport and injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) are known for over 40 years, new challenges arise when the CO2 source is anthropogenic, meaning with a human-cause origin and not natural (as in EOR). EU Directive 2009/31/EC states that CO2 streams from power stations or industrial plants "shall consist overwhelmingly of CO2" but may contain associated incidental substances (e.g., SOx, NOx, O2, H2S).

Product Number: 51323-18886-SG
Author: Cécile Millet, Guillaume Néel, Luciana Lima, Diana Rodriguez Barrera
Publication Date: 2023
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered as a key technology to reduce CO2 emissions. After its capture and transport, the CO2 stream is injected into one of several types of stable geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs and saline formations. Although CO2 injection of produced CO2 from sour reservoirs has been well known for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), new technical challenges arise with CO2 captured from power stations or industrial plants, as the CO2 steam contains impurities which will increase the corrosiveness of the environment, and thus compromise the integrity of the material. Different scenarios and their related corrosion threats will be presented. Tests representative of bottom hole environment and shut in conditions have been defined and impact of impurities on different materials from super martensitic up to nickel-based alloys will be discussed. Another key aspect on material selection for CCS, is the resistance to low temperature. During service, injection wells will suffer from thermal shocks induced by Joule-Thomson Effect. The paper will present impact toughness transition curves of different materials, as martensitic, duplex, super duplex and nickel-based alloys, from different production routes, in quench and tempered (QT), solution annealed condition (SA) and cold worked condition (CW), down to -80°C.
Paper will conclude by summarizing technical challenges related to material selection for CO2 injection and storage that need to be addressed by the industry.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered as a key technology to reduce CO2 emissions. After its capture and transport, the CO2 stream is injected into one of several types of stable geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs and saline formations. Although CO2 injection of produced CO2 from sour reservoirs has been well known for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), new technical challenges arise with CO2 captured from power stations or industrial plants, as the CO2 steam contains impurities which will increase the corrosiveness of the environment, and thus compromise the integrity of the material. Different scenarios and their related corrosion threats will be presented. Tests representative of bottom hole environment and shut in conditions have been defined and impact of impurities on different materials from super martensitic up to nickel-based alloys will be discussed. Another key aspect on material selection for CCS, is the resistance to low temperature. During service, injection wells will suffer from thermal shocks induced by Joule-Thomson Effect. The paper will present impact toughness transition curves of different materials, as martensitic, duplex, super duplex and nickel-based alloys, from different production routes, in quench and tempered (QT), solution annealed condition (SA) and cold worked condition (CW), down to -80°C.
Paper will conclude by summarizing technical challenges related to material selection for CO2 injection and storage that need to be addressed by the industry.

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Picture for CO2 Transport and Injection, Effect of Impurities, Understanding of Reactions and Consequences
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CO2 Transport and Injection, Effect of Impurities, Understanding of Reactions and Consequences

Product Number: 51323-18756-SG
Author: J. Sonke, Y. Zheng
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

The effect of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere on temperature has been known for a long time. Although an increase in CO2 concentration has been observed since the 1960s, a clear change in trend of global temperature increase can be observed from around the 1990s. CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is a mature technology available to reduce emissions from large scale fossil-based energy and industry sources. Sufficient geological storage is available for these sources. Mitigation of CO2 emissions via CCS has been identified as crucial to limit global warming.3 In recent years a significant increase in CCS projects have been proposed and initiated. 
Picture for Guidance for Materials Selection and Corrosion Control in CO2 Transport and Injection for Carbon Capture and Storage
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Guidance for Materials Selection and Corrosion Control in CO2 Transport and Injection for Carbon Capture and Storage

Product Number: 51322-17726-SG
Author: J. Sonke, S.J. Paterson
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The aim of this work is to identify an approach to materials selection and corrosion control that can address the specific requirements of a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project. This work is largely based on the accumulated knowledge and expertise that has been published. Besides the direct guidance from this document, specific topics may require more detail that can be found in the references.
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Material Selection for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Wells

Product Number: 51323-18760-SG
Author: Willem Maarten van Haaften, Hisashi Amaya, Bostjan Bezensek, Yuji Arai, Brian Chambers, Hiroki Kamitani
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

The goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit global warming to below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels.1 While the world is slowly transitioning to more sustainable energy sources to reach this target, one of the ways to reduce the CO2 in the atmosphere is to capture it and store it in depleted gas fields. According to the IOGP1, the total number of CCS projects in Europe is 65 in 2022.2 The aim of these projects is to store around 60 MtCO₂/yr by 2030.
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