AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Prioritization of Potential HVAC Interference on a 6000 Mile Transmission Pipeline System

Product Number: 51317--9260-SG

ISBN: 9260 2017 CP

Author: Meng Lopez-Garrity

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper describes some of the materials and process challenges facing geothermal energy developers targeting efficiency improvements and extremes of aggressive geothermal fluid chemistries and temperatures.

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Proactive Cleaning, Maintenance and Inspection of Vessel Hulls Via Autonomous Robots

Product Number: 51323-19315-SG

Author: Karl Lander

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Prevention of corrosion on submerged surfaces, particularly ship’s hulls, is a challenging process. Beyond the corrosive effects of seawater, biofouling will start to accumulate, and if left unchecked, can potentially damage the coating reducing its anti-corrosive properties. In stationery applications, the biofouling may be of little immediate significance, but in the case of vessels, biofouling will greatly increase hull resistance, leading to reduced speed, greater fuel consumption and emissions, as well as enabling the transfer of alien species as the vessels travel the globe.

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Proactive Corrosion Control Assessment to Treat Higher-Acidity Gas

Product Number: 51324-20773-SG

Author: Omar S. Al-Abdulgader; Mohammed A. Al-Muaisub

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Prior to commissioning of a new gas treatment plant, geotechnical analysis showed significant increase in the acidity levels of the feed. Therefore, on-site proactive corrosion control assessment was performed to enable processing higher-acidity gas safely without impacting project schedule. The corrosiveness level of the new feed was re-evaluated in terms of the new required operating conditions. The dominant corrosion damage mechanisms were identified based on the new levels of Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide. Industrial standards and engineering practices were utilized to determine the potential impact on assets integrity. Top corrosion challenges that could be driven up by the increase in acid gas levels were proactively identified. Potential risks in the inlet and gas sweetening facilities were assessed, including the possibility of developing accelerated corrosion at the amine contactor and regenerator columns. The material endurance for the higher operating conditions, temperature and pressure, was evaluated. Further, different inspection techniques were utilized to validate the study results and findings. The inspection methods that were used to analyze and assess the amine contactor and regenerator columns are the On-Stream Inspection (OSI) using the External Ultrasonic Testing (UT) and Visual Examination of the internal surface of the equipment during the turnaround interval. Moreover, process and corrosion simulations of anticipated acid gas and water levels were performed to evaluate the need for advanced corrosion control and inspection measures. Based on that, an effective corrosion control strategy was established including different integrated mitigation measures to ensure assets integrity throughout their full-life cycle.

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Proactive Corrosion Management for Dead-legs

Product Number: 51319-13290-SG

Author: Mohammed Al Shahrani

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Identifying dead-legs and their related corrosion issues continues to be a challenge in the process industry.This paper presents a comprehensive program for managing corrosion in dead-legs. A three-step methodology is adopted focusing on identification control and monitoring. The identification step entails a comprehensive No Flow/ Low Flow (NFLF) survey. The survey revealed dead-legs in locations where stagnation of oily water containing dissolved carbon dioxide hydrogen sulfide and possibly oxygen at the center bottom portion of pipes associated with stabilization units and NGL compression trains at hydrocarbon operating facility. Consequently the stagnant flow condition significantly contributed to a severe wall thinning that was confirmed by using appropriate Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) technology such as Ultrasonic Testing (UT). The encountered risk was 60% metal loss from the base metal of the defective dead-legs.This corrosion was controlled by establishing a flushing program that is implemented by operation and monitored by inspection team. Additionally for low-flow locations a minimum velocity of 1m/s was maintained where possible. In the last step the effectiveness of the program was monitored by conducting full UT-Scanning every three years and then trending the corrosion rates.Key words: dead-legs management system No Flow/ Low Flow (NFLF) survey Ultrasonic Testing (UT) monitoring strategy

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Probabilistic Assessment of Hydrogen Stress Cracking of Steels and CRA in Sour Environments

Product Number: 51324-20409-SG

Author: Narasi Sridhar; Mariano A. Kappes

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrogen Stress Cracking (HSC) of steels and CRA has been studied for a long time and it is recognized that the results have significant variability depending on many factors, including test procedures, material microstructures, and environmental variables. Although the standards used for acceptance of a material for sour service are deterministic, the variabilities in the test data as well as field conditions merit probabilistic treatment. This paper provides a Bayesian network model of HSC that connects the variabilities in material, environment, and loading conditions through mechanistic factors related to hydrogen transport, deformation mode, and strain rate. The model tries to encapsulate the state of knowledge in this area and tests the outcomes in terms of probability of HSC. The sensitivity of the model to input variables is assessed.

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Probabilistic Digital Twins For Transmission Pipelines

Product Number: 51321-16780-SG

Author: Francois Ayello; Yonghe Yang; Long Li; Guanlan Liu; Yuchong Zhang; Shuhui Zhang

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Probabilistic Evaluation of Baffle-Former Bolt Cracking in PWRs

Product Number: 51317--8857-SG

ISBN: 8857 2017 CP

Author: George Licina

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

A methodology for evaluating the probability of baffle-former bolt cracking was developed for applicability to presurized water reactors.

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Probabilistic Evaluation of Service Life of Reinforced Concrete Beam Element in Marine Environment

Product Number: 51319-13468-SG

Author: Fujian Tang

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Chloride-induced steel corrosion is one of the main causes of premature deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in marine environment. This study aims to develop a probabilistic model to evaluate the service life of reinforced concrete beam element subjected to chloride-induced corrosion attack. Concrete block specimens containing steel bars were prepared and subjected to accelerated corrosion test. As the corrosion-induced mass loss of steel bars reach different levels ranging from 0% to 30% the tests were terminated. The steel bars were took out of the concrete block and cleaned with a sand blaster and then scanned with a 3D laser scanner at intervals of 1 mm. The distribution of the residual cross-sectional areas of the steel bars was determined and fitted with mixed normal distribution functions due to the presence of pitting corrosion. In addition to describe the spatial variation of the pitting corrosion along the length of steel bars a pitting index R was introduced which is the ratio of the average to the minimum cross-section area of corroded steel bars. Probabilistic analysis showed that the pitting index R could be fitted with the Gumbel distribution function. The probabilistic model of corroded steel bars was then introduced to analyze the carrying capacity of rectangular RC beams and consequently the service life of these beams. The service life of these RC beams was defined as the critical limit state when the actual load effects exceed the resistance at any beam element. Based on Monte Carlo simulation the cumulative probability of failure was calculated and the effect of corrosion on the service life of beam element was evaluated in a probabilistic way.

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Probabilistic Modeling of the Relationship between Concrete Crack Width and Corrosion-Induced Mass Loss of Steel Bar

Product Number: 51319-13283-SG

Author: Fujian Tang

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Corrosion-induced concrete cover cracking generally experiences two stages: initial stage when cracks are developed from the bar until reaching the concrete surface; propagation stage in which cracks connect and widenon the concrete surface. A lot of studies have been conducted & to investigate corrosion-induced concrete cracking. However most of them focused on the initiation stage and less work was done on the propagation stage particularly on the relation between the crack width and the mass loss of steel bars. The relation between the concrete crack width and the mass loss of steel bar is not deterministic due to the variation of environmental parameters such as temperature moisture availability of oxygen and the nonhomogeniety of concrete cover passive film and metallurgical properties of steel bars. Therefore probabilistic method will be more realistic than the deterministic approaches.In this study the relation between concrete crack width and corrosion-induced mass loss of steel bar was studied in a probabilistic way. Concrete block specimens containing steel bars were prepared and subjected to accelerated corrosion test. Three concrete cover thicknesses were considered including 25.4 mm 50.8 mm and 63.5 mm. The accelerated corrosion tests were terminated when the corrosion of steel bar reached to different levels ranging from 0% to 30% mass loss. After & tests the crack width distribution along its length on the concrete cover was measured with a crack meter and the steel bars were took out of the concrete blocks and cleaned with a sand blaster. The cleaned steel bars were scanned with a 3D laser scanner and the residual cross-sectional areas along the length were determined. For a fixed corrosion loss of steel bar the corresponding crack width on the concrete surface was fitted with a probability density function (PDF). Similarly the area loss of steel bars was also fitted with a PDF for a fixed crack with. Probabilistic analysis results showed that normal distribution function best fitted the distribution of both crack width and mass loss of steel bar.& The mean crack width on the concrete surface increases logarithmically with an increase in the corrosion-induced mass loss. For a fixed& corrosion induced mass loss the mean crack width decreased with an increase in the concrete cover thickness.

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Probabilistic Techniques in Corrosion Modelling and Remnant Life Prediction

Product Number: 51324-20902-SG

Author: Navin S; Nicholas Laycock; Wouter Hamer; Valliappan V; Aswin Venugopal

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The Virtual Corrosion Engineer (VCE)(1) platform in Shell uses data from online monitoring of industrial plant process conditions as the input to the best available models for the damage mechanisms applicable to the equipment or components of interest. The primary output is then the corrosion rate or susceptibility to failure, displayed on a continuously updated dashboard in real time. However, for furnaces or heat exchangers with hundreds or thousands of tubes, most components of the input data are properly considered as distributions rather than single point value estimates, and hence the remnant life of the tubes is also best represented as a distribution. This paper shows how Monte-Carlo simulation techniques can be used to address this problem and improve the quality of decision making, using practical examples related to creep damage of furnace tubes in service.

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Procedure Proposition using a Compact SENT Geometry for Fracture Toughness Assessment in Sour Environment

Product Number: 51321-16463-SG

Author: Mourad Chekchaki /Christelle Gomes/Javier Alejandro Carreno/Pedro Filgueiras /Camila Finamore /Gabriel Jorge /Luciana Lima /Florian Thebault

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Available for download

Procedures for Heat Treating Fabricated Equipment of Zirconium Alloys

Product Number: 95251

Author: Richard C. Sutherlin and Teledyne Wah chang

Publication Date: 1995

$20.00

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance