AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Measuring the Localized Corrosion Due to Carbonic Acid

Product Number: 51319-12923-SG

Author: Omar Yepez

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The mechanism of carbonic acid corrosion is of a paramount importance for the oil industry. This is because production of crude is always accompanied by CO2 and water. Carbonic acid localized corrosion is by far more important than general corrosion. This is because you just need one tiny rupture in the pipe to have a failure which will need to be addressed and repaired. Methods to determine localized corrosion are very few. In one method the electrochemical potential of the metal specimen is increased with time until the material fails which is detected as a large oxidation current. In another a large constant oxidative potential is imposed on the metal coupon then its temperature is increased until a high current is observed. In both the nature of the surface at corrosion potential is not preserved. Electrochemical noise has come to address this problems because this method does not perturb the surface of the metal and all its measurements occurs at open circuit potential. However this non-perturbative method has little quantitative value and the interpretation of the data obtained is still very difficult. For instance the noise current cannot be integrated to know the extension of the damage. This is because one does not know to what electrode the noise belongs. In this paper the localized carbonic acid corrosion of a carbon steel at corrosion potential was measured. This was performed by pulsing at the corrosion potential and changing the temperature of the test. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was also used in the same manner. In both methods the localized current was integrated and the localized damage was determined.Key words: Localized corrosion CO2 corrosion electrochemical methods.

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Measuring the Performance of Cool-Roof Coatings

Product Number: 41209-491-SG

Author: Richard Lee

Publication Date: 2009

$20.00

The Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) is a non-profit organization, which maintains a rating program for roofing materials. The CRRC also addresses many current technical and regulatory issues involving cool roofs and continues to provide an independent third-party ratings system in an arena that is continually evolving. The CRRC/RCMA (Roof Coatings Manufacturers Association) substrate study, initiated in 2008, is an example of an investigation designed to address an important technical issue. This study aims to evaluate the influence of roof substrates on reflectance and emittance properties of cool-roof coatings, in the field over a three-year period.

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Measuring Vertical Concrete Surface pH: Viable Test Method for Severe Service Exposures

Product Number: 41215-917-SG

Author: Vaughn O’Dea, Robert Maley

Publication Date: 2015

$20.00

Field pH testing on vertical concrete prior to application of high-performance protective linings is primarily required to confirm the removal of deleterious substances following surface preparation. This paper explores the use of various in situ testing techniques for measuring surface pH on vertical concrete.

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Mechanical Characterization and Adherence of Iron Carbonate on an X65 Steel

Product Number: 51319-13390-SG

Author: Claudia Prieto

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Formation of iron carbonate layers on mild steel is an important factor in CO2 corrosion as they provide a protective barrier that helps preserve pipeline integrity. However the protectiveness conferred by such layers can be compromised due to their mechanical removal; a phenomenon that has hitherto been unexplored. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the mechanical integrity of an iron carbonate layer grown on an X65 steel by nanoindentation and scratch test methods. Berkovich and Vickers-type indenters were used to determine the hardness of the iron carbonate layer and the metal. A scratch tester with a conical indenter 120° cone angle and 20 μm in diameter was used to determine the critical force to remove the iron carbonate layer. Nanoindentation results indicated that the hardness of the iron carbonate layer was 11.63 ± 3.50 GPa and the hardness of the steel was 2.40 ± 0.21 GPa. According to the failure map (hardness of the substrate vs. hardness of the layer) the failure mode of the iron carbonate on steel (whose hardness is 5 times higher than the substrate) is by chipping. In order to corroborate this postulate scratch testing was used to determine the minimal force to detect superficial removal and total delamination of the iron carbonate layer from the steel. The required forces were determined to be of the order of 40 mN and 400 mN respectively. The presence of chevron-type cracking patterns confirmed the cohesive failure of the layer at low applied forces while the chipping pattern at higher forces was indicative of the adhesive failure mode of the iron carbonate on the X65 steel. These results were further corroborated by profilometry and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analyses. Finally the shear stresses associated with the partial and total removal of iron carbonate were determined. The results indicating that the partial delamination and total delamination shear stresses required are of the order of 300 MPa and 2 GPa respectively.

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Mechanical Performance of Nano-Particles Enriched Zinc Rich Coatings

Product Number: 51219-189-SG

Author: Saiada Fuadi Fancy, Md Ahsan Sabbir, Kingsley Lau

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Corrosion is a durability concern for any unprotected structural steel from its exposure environment and coatings are widely used for corrosion protection. Zinc-rich primer-based three-coat (ZRP) systems are the most widely used for structural steel, since 1980’s. However, these coating systems often require regular maintenance. So, there is always interest to develop durable novel coating systems to reduce the maintenance cost.

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Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Metal Dusting Resistant Nickel-Base N06235 Alloy

Product Number: 51324-20910-SG

Author: Ling Chen; Michael G. Fahrmann; Jeremy L. Caron; Vinay Deodeshmukh

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Nickel-base N06235 alloy is a solid-solution strengthened Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu alloy that was developed to resist metal dusting corrosion attack in high temperature structural applications involving carbonaceous and other high temperature corrosive environments, particularly in syngas production and processing environments. Improved metal dusting resistance was achieved by significant additions of copper and high amounts chromium to inhibit carbon deposition, ingress, and coke formation as previously reported. The high temperature creep-rupture and tensile strength of the wrought alloy and its weldments were investigated in this paper. Weld samples produced by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), exhibit tensile and creep-rupture strength similar to that of wrought alloy in the temperature range from 538 to 1093oC (1000 to 2000oF). In addition, the retained room and elevated temperature tensile properties of the wrought base metal after 4000-hour long-term aging at temperatures from 649 to 871°C (1200 to 1600oF) are reported.

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Mechanical Properties of a Mackinawite Corrosion Product Layer

Product Number: 51319-13441-SG

Author: Ezechukwu Anyanwu

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

To develop a holistic understanding of corrosion mechanisms in upstream oil and gas pipelines mechanical properties of the corrosion product layers as well as corrosion mechanisms need to be studied for better prediction of general and localized corrosion. Various ongoing research has focused on the topic of sour corrosion mechanisms while minimal attention has been paid to ascertaining the mechanical properties of the iron sulfide layers developed in these environments. The effects of fluid flow (i.e. erosion/corrosion wall shear stress) as well as the impact of different operations (i.e. wellbore cleaning wireline tools) on the internal pipeline wall may lead to a partial removal of corrosion product layers. This is an important topic since the mechanical damage of protective iron sulfide layers may lead to localized corrosion. To investigate the magnitude of stress required to damage iron sulfide layers up to the point of exposing the substrate well-defined iron sulfide layers were developed in a 4-liter glass cell and the mechanical properties of the layers such as hardness and adhesive strength were investigated using a mechanical tester. To develop the iron sulfide layer UNSG10180 carbon steel specimens were exposed to a 1 wt.% NaCl solution at pH of 6.0 well purged with a 10 mol.% H2S/N2 mixture. Fes layers were developed at two solution temperatures 30⁰C and 80⁰C and the hardness and interfacial shear strength of the layers formed after 1 day and 3 days were investigated. The morphological characteristics of the FeS layers under investigation were examined by conducting an SEM and cross-sectional analysis. XRD analysis confirmed mackinawite as the phase of the iron sulfide layer. While the interfacial shear strength of this FeS layer was found to be 5 magnitudes higher than the maximum flow related shear stress the integrity may be compromised if these layers are subjected to other mechanical impacts that may occur during production.

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Mechanical Testing of Drawn Arc Silver Brazed Connections for Cathodic Protection

Product Number: 51319-13192-SG

Author: David Jungert

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Cathodic protection (CP) requires secure and consistent electrical connections to ensure the longevity of installed CP systems. The purpose of research presented in this paper is to evaluate the mechanical strength of CP structure connections applied using drawn arc silver brazing (DASB) commonly referred to as pin brazing. A variety of samples were created using commercially available DASB equipment and consumables. Tensile and bend testing was conducted in accordance with the criteria outlined in the International Standards Organization (ISO) document ISO 14555:2017 Welding – Arc stud welding of metallic materials. The results showed that DASB connections when properly applied can withstand forces resulting from typical CP installations.

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Mechanical Tests on a Vintage API 5L Grade X52 Linepipe Steel under Gaseous and Cathodic H2 Environment

Product Number: 51324-20904-SG

Author: M. Palombo; F. Recanzone; D. Morando; I. Milano; F. Catalano

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In this period of transition, attention to the environment and clean sources of energy are topics that are acquiring increasing interest. With particular reference to the energy industry, hydrogen is becoming the ideal candidate for the replacement of fossil fuels. The distribution of hydrogen is forced to be conducted through the usage of the existing net of pipelines; therefore, using pipes fabricated in different periods (from 1970 up to present). This means, the prediction of the behavior of the pipeline steel under H2 charging (gaseous or cathodic) is not easy and requires a big specific effort to be performed. Therefore, in this work a vintage API 5L grade X52 pipe fabricated in 1970 was characterized both under cathodic and gaseous hydrogen environment; a comparison between mechanical tests with in situ H2 charging was compared with results obtained from KIH test in gaseous hydrogen at 80 bar and a complete picture of the behavior of the material was obtained. Furthermore, the results obtained from slow strain rate tests on notched specimens up to 1500 bar are presented and discussed.

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Mechanical, Microstructural And Corrosion Characterization Of Low Binder Containing WC-Co Grades Using A Binderjet Process

Product Number: 51322-17583-SG

Author: Krutibas Panda, Ed Rusnica, Reece Goldsberry, Jerry Domingue, Paul Prichard, Zhuqing Wang

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Cemented carbides have been widely used to make parts for wear applications due to the excellent combination of hardness and toughness. Cemented carbides represent a group of composite materials containing hard metal carbides, such as tungsten carbide (WC), bonded by ductile metallic binder agents, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or iron (Fe).¹ By varying WC grain size, weight fraction of metallic binder, and processing parameters, a wider range of microstructure and mechanical properties can be achieved.

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Mechanically Lined Pipe (MLP) as a Substitute for Metallurgically Clad Pipe

Product Number: MPWT19-15240

Author: Steven Goodier, Paul Montague

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Global demand for natural gas is growing concurrently with traditional reservoirs depleting. This is
resulting in Global and Middle Eastern hydrocarbon exploration and production increasingly moving
towards hydrocarbon developments in deeper water where higher Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Hydrogen
Sulphide (H2S) along with High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) environments are encountered.
This is driving an increased demand for Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA) pipe and in particular clad
pipe. Clad pipe is the combination of carbon steel for strength combined with a thin (typically 3mm)
layer or CRA. Demand is increasing at a dramatic rate globally with the Middle Eastern market alone
expected to increase over 100% over the next 4 years from 2018 requirements [1]. Clad pipe is a
cheaper alternative than solid CRA and there is a number of alternate manufacturing methods. This
paper outlines the benefits of adopting Mechanically Lined Pipe (MLP) in comparison to conventional
Metallurgically Clad Pipe. A dramatic increase in utilisation of MLP over the coming years is anticipated,
balancing the currently dramatic CRA pipe supply/demand imbalance.

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Mechanism of Corrosion Mitigation of Post-Tensioned Tendons by Impregnation

Product Number: 51319-13449-SG

Author: Hesham Mraied

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Grouting deficiencies of post-tensioned tendons have been associated with accelerated corrosion of the strands. A corrosion mitigation method by which a fluid is introduced via the interstitial spaces between the wires of a tendon’s strand has been recently implemented with promising results. Findings are presented of experimental and multiphysics modeling simulation work in progress to examine the relative importance of alternative corrosion mitigating mechanisms including oxygen transport limitation cathodic and anodic inhibition and ohmic resistance increase.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance