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Internal Deposits: A Potential Threat to Pipeline Integrity

Product Number: 51324-21014-SG

Author: Sri Krishna Chimbli

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Recent failure analyses of several modern pipelines in oil service have exhibited pin-hole leaks at the 6 o’clock position. The pits formed on the inside surface from a combination of pitting corrosion and under deposit corrosion. Two case studies involving an 8-inch and a 12-inch OD API 5L Grade X52M pipeline are discussed. The work scope for the pipeline failure analyses included visual examination, metallography, energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) of corrosion products, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Vickers hardness and tensile tests to determine the mechanism that led to the perforation(s). The failure analyses results indicated that the pitting corrosion likely occurred from the presence of free water and salts, while under deposit corrosion occurred from a layer of deposits containing paraffin, sand, salts and iron oxides. Pipelines anticipated to have significant accumulation of internal deposits require frequent internal cleaning via pigging and the subsequent use of corrosion inhibitors to improve pipeline integrity.

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Internal ICCP of Offshore Wind Monopile Foundations

Product Number: 51323-19376-SG

Author: Christophe Baete, Aldrich Tyto

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Despite rapid development of electricity generation from wind compared to other renewable power sources in recent years, much greater efforts are still required to achieve the current level of sustained capacity growth to get on track with the Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2050 Scenario. One of the main challenges remains around the sustainability and cost reduction efforts for the offshore wind sector, especially related to operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. Monopiles, the most common foundation type in offshore wind farms, just like any other submerged metal structures are susceptible to corrosion, the maintenance of which could be very costly.

Corrosion prevention of the inside of a monopile structure has been challenging until today.

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Interpreting H2S Scavenger Laboratory Test Results Using A Kinetic Model

Product Number: 51322-17844-SGG

Author: Jose Vera

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

H₂S scavengers (SC) are commonly injected into multiphase pipelines transporting oil, water, and gas when the H₂S concentration is relatively low (ppm levels) but higher than the maximum allowable H₂S concentration in systems located downstream, due to integrity, safety or tariff limitations. Under these situations, it is expected that the H₂S scavenger injected in some points of the system (e.g., subsea) be capable of reducing the H₂S concentration before reaching certain parts of the system (e.g., topsides). In this case, the H₂S scavenger should be selected not only based on its capacity, but also on its kinetics at the expected field conditions.

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Investigating Alternative Mechanisms For Metal-Silicate Scale Formation: Do Metal Hydroxides Play A Role?

Product Number: 51322-17702-SG

Author: Michaela Kamaratou, Konstantinos D. Demadis

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The polycondensation of silicate to form colloidal silica is a well-known process. Silica formation takes place through an S_N2-like mechanism that involves an attack of a mono-deprotonated silicic acid molecule on a fully protonated one. Thus, monomeric silicate species produce silicate dimers, and oligomers, and eventually form colloidal silica particles. Nevertheless, this straightforward silica chemistry can be profoundly affected by the presence of certain metal cations, such as calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and iron. When such cations are present in a process water they enhance the rate of polymerization of silicate ions and induce the formation of metal silicate precipitates.

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Investigating Crack Initiation and Propagation from Hard Spots In TMCP Steels Exposed to Wet Sour Environments

Product Number: MECC23-20109-SG

Author: Maslat Al-Waranbi; Saad M. Al-Muaili; Khalid BaBakri

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Hard spot cracking is a type of sulfide stress cracking (SSC), which is a common type of Hydrogen
Embrittlement (HE). The embrittlement by SSC is attributed to the hydrogen atoms (H+), as corrosion byproduct, that permeate/diffuse through the metal with the presence of H2S. Then, when hydrogen atoms get entrapped at specific microstructural configurations, material ductility will be impaired and material will be embrittled [2].

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Investigating Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of Ferritic Steels in High Pressure Hydrogen Gas

Product Number: 51324-20692-SG

Author: P. Bortot; M. Ortolani; M. Bellingardi; C. San Marchi; J. Ronevich

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Fatigue crack growth rate (FGCR) is essential knowledge for the design of high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels, which are subject to repeated pressurization and depressurization cycles. High strength, low alloy steels are widely used for this application. However, these materials are known to be sensitive to hydrogen assisted cracking, meaning their crack growth rate under repeated cycles of pressurization and depressurization is significantly enhanced due to the interaction of hydrogen gas with the metal, compared to an inert environment. This work reviews existing literature on commonly used low alloy, quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels. Additionally, recently generated data on very high strength low alloy grades, as well as low carbon, low alloy, weldable steels are presented in comparison. These results illustrate common trends and similarities for FCGR in hydrogen gas and discuss differences in alloy design and manufacturing process parameters affecting materials performance in the target environment.

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Investigating Irradiation Creep of Zircaloy-4 Using In-Situ Proton Irradiation and Transmission Electron Microscopy

Product Number: Ed22-18344-SG

Author: Conor Gillen, Graeme Greaves, Rhys Thomas, Adeel Shaikh, Robert Harrison, Alistair Norris, Alistair Garner, Aidan Cole-Baker

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Zirconium alloys are used in civil nuclear reactors as fuel cladding, due to their relatively low neutron absorption cross section and being ability to maintain integrity during operation in a challenging environment – under elevated temperature, in corrosive water, under stress, and while being bombarded with different types of irradiation. In anisotropic materials, such as the hexagonal close packed Zr crystal structure, irradiation-induced defects diffuse at different rates in different crystallographic directions.

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Investigating Mechanical Fasteners Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Dissimilar Materials Joints

Product Number: 51323-18998-SG

Author: Muhammad Haris, Sullivan Smith, Timothy Minton, Lorna Anguilano, Ben Robinson, Briony Holmes

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Nowadays, several engineering fields focus their attention on the use of hybrid structures. In particular, the combination of traditional materials like steel or metal alloys together with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials have received growing attention.1 The demand of strong light weight structures is growing stronger, especially in the transportation industry due to the need for a high strength to weight ratio as required for better performance, safety, and environmental concern. This has become an important challenge with the increase in demand due to the requirement for high strength and lightweight materials.

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Investigating Oxygen Ingress in the Oil and Gas Industry

Product Number: 51324-20995-SG

Author: Shrirang Deshmukh; Bruce Brown; David Young

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In this review, events leading to ingress of O2 in various upstream oil and gas systems are investigated. By analyzing reported instances in the literature, factors leading to oxygen infiltration are elucidated. Pipeline maintenance, equipment failures, system design and construction, accidental introductions, chemical injections, and improper protocols are explored and further analyzed to gain a broad understanding of oxygen ingress pathways. The findings of this study raise awareness of O2 as a contributing factor in the corrosion mechanisms involved in these systems, coupled with preservation of asset integrity.

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Investigating Specimen Preparation and Cleaning Variables Influencing the NACE TM0208-2018 Jar Test Performance

Product Number: 51322-17985-SG

Author: Mitchell Fillbach, Mikel Roe, Daniel Neuburger, Barbara Nygaard, Mahin Shahlari

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The NACE TM0208-2018 Jar Test remains an industry-wide recognized standard for evaluating the vapor-inhibiting ability (VIA) of raw materials and finished products to provide off-contact corrosion protection of steel surfaces¹. It is particularly useful for comparing the efficacy of different VCI chemistries, as well as for monitoring performance consistency between productions of VCI functionalized materials.

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Investigating the Application of the Effective Area Approach to Estimating Fatigue Life

Product Number: 51324-21053-SG

Author: Zach Booth; Ben Hanna; Steven J Polasik

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Fitness-for-service assessments of corrosion flaws in line pipe often use an Effective Area Method approach (e.g., RSTRENG) to estimate criticality. This method evaluates all contiguous combinations of flaw dimensions that can be defined via a detailed profile. The lowest burst pressure of those combinations is considered the estimated burst pressure of the flaw. This paper investigates the use of an effective area approach to estimate the remaining fatigue life of crack-like flaws described by a detailed profile. Using flaws reported from in-line inspection, the burst pressure and fatigue life of all combinations of flaw dimensions were estimated using the CorLAS™ fracture mechanics model. For some profiles, the effective area corresponding to the lowest burst pressure is not the same as the effective area corresponding to the lowest fatigue life. Therefore, additional analyses of flaws with detailed profiles may be warranted when developing remediation plans considering both fatigue life and burst pressure.

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Investigating The Effect Of H2S And Corrosion Inhibitor On The Corrosion Of Mild Steel Under High Pressure CO2 Conditions

Product Number: 51322-17943-SG

Author: Yoon-Seok Choi, Fernando Farelas, Luciano Paolinelli, Ahmad Zaki B Abas, Azmi Mohammed Nor, Muhammad Firdaus Suhor

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the corrosion behavior of carbon steels in supercritical CO₂ conditions. Unlike the case of carbon capture and storage (CCS) where small amounts of water are present, the exploitation of fields with high pressures of CO₂ needs to consider the presence of formation water, which presents strong corrosivity. It has been reported that the aqueous corrosion rate of carbon steel at high CO₂ pressures (liquid and supercritical CO₂) without protective FeCO₃ corrosion product layers is very high (>20 mm/y) due to the high concentrations of corrosive species such as H⁺ and H₂CO_³.^1-5 Steels with low Cr contents (i.e., 1% Cr and 3% Cr) have shown no beneficial effect in terms of reducing the corrosion rate to admissible values.6 Therefore, controlling corrosion in these cases usually involves the use of corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) or corrosion inhibitors (CI). Adequate protection of carbon steel was achieved by applying CI in high pressure CO₂ environments.⁶

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance