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Innovative Mitigation Strategies to Address Ac Corrosion At Higher Frequencies

Product Number: 51323-19280-SG

Author: Wolfgang Fieltsch, J. Scott Farquharson

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A corrosion investigation performed in 2018 on an NPS 6, approximately 4 km long, polyethylene coated pipeline determined that the accelerated corrosion anomalies detected during in-line inspections (ILI) were due to AC corrosion. The AC and DC current densities on the AC coupons adjacent to these anomalies were above the limits recommended in NACE SP21424. It was also determined that the line was cathodically over-protected, and that most of the AC voltage measured on the line was due to 120 Hz AC ripple from a foreign rectifier.

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Innovative Performance Corrosion Resistance Reinforcing Bars for Extending Service Life

Product Number: 51324-20682-SG

Author: Salem Faza; Homero Castaneda Lopez; Michael Stroia

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Performance of Corrosion Resistance reinforcing steel bars including continuous galvanized (ASTM A1094) and Low-Carbon Chromium Steel bars (ASTM A1035 CS) have been evaluated for their high corrosion resistance and their mechanism to extend the service life of concrete structures. ASTM A1094 is galvanized rebar with a zinc alloy coating that provides the well-known corrosion protection of zinc and the added benefit of exceptional formability . ASTM A1094 can be bent and fabricated after galvanizing without fear of peeling or flaking unlike Batch hot dip galvanizing and epoxy coated rebars. ASTM A1035 CS rebar’s combination of high strength rebar, corrosion resistance and ductility are proven to provide superior blast protection for concrete structures. The high strength can withstand stronger forces, while the ductility dissipates the force across the structural member. In addition, the high strength rebar can be used to efficiently design structures up to 100 Ksi (690 MPa) reducing construction costs and time. Corrosion research findings discussed in this paper illustrate the efficiency in using these bars to extend the service life of concrete structures depending on the required service life of the DOD structures. In addition to the service life capabilities, supply chain availability should be considered.

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In-process Quality Control and Quality Assurance Coatings Inspection: Redundant or Complementary Roles?

Product Number: 51323-19006-SG

Author: Chris Kucherawy, Kimmer Cline, Lake Barrett

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Everyone wants a quality project; the word quality means different things to different people. Owners have unique perspectives on quality and risk tolerance which often differs across industries. The owner of a trash recycling center looking to paint the walls of his loading dock has a different perspective than the owner of a nuclear power plant, looking at the coating systems applied on the interior of his primary containment walls.

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In-Situ Determination Of The Degree Of Sensitization In Austenitic Stainless Steels

Product Number: 51322-17805-SG

Author: Pablo M. Altamirano, Mariano A. Kappes, Martín A. Rodríguez

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in refineries and petrochemical industries due to their good combination of properties such as workability, mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. However, one of the most important problems they show, and which can lead to failures in service, is the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). When these materials are subjected to temperatures in the range from 500 ºC to 800 °C, the precipitation of chromium-rich carbides occurs preferentially at grain boundaries (GB).

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In-Situ Observation Of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Initiation Site In Linepipe Steels

Product Number: 51322-17816-SG

Author: Taishi Fujishiro, Kyono Yasuda, Takuya Hara, Nobuyuki Ishikawa, Eiji Tada, Mitsuo Kimura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, oil country tubular goods or line pipes are exposed to wet H2S environments (sour environments) in some cases. The presence of H2S in the sour environment enhances hydrogen entry into the steel due to the catalytic action of H2S. The absorbed hydrogen enhanced by H2S affects hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) is a hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon observed in sour conditions.

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In-situ Study of Iron Carbonate Formation Kinetics and Pseudo-passivation of Carbon Steel in Aqueous CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51324-20667-SG

Author: Joshua Owen; Richard C. Woollam; Francois Ropital; Annette Kleppe; Sabrina Marcelin

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This study introduces the design and implementation of a bespoke electrochemical flow cell in combination with in-situ Synchrotron Radiation-X-Ray Diffraction measurements (SR-XRD). The system enables high precision, real-time, in-situ measurements of iron carbonate (FeCO3) evolution on carbon steel in a flowing environment, as well as providing real-time, in-situ corrosion rate measurement through an integrated three-electrode cell. The custom cell is used to examine FeCO3 formation kinetics in a carbon dioxide (CO2)-containing aqueous environment, particularly in instances where the ‘pseudo-passivation’ phenomenon is reported to occur. Linear polarization resistance and anodic polarization measurements were performed in combination with the SR-XRD measurements to establish a detailed understanding of FeCO3 formation in real time and its relation to the corrosion behavior of carbon steel. It was observed that ‘pseudo-passivation’ occurred in conjunction with the growth of a highly protective FeCO3 layer under all conditions evaluated. Magnetite (Fe3O4), an oxide layer often attributed to the onset of ‘pseudo-passivation’, was not observed in these conditions, despite the high limits of detection of the technique.

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In-Situ Synthesis Of Corrosion Product-Polymer Composites On Carbon Steel For Enhanced Erosion-Corrosion Protection In CO2 Corrosion Environments

Product Number: 51322-17717-SG

Author: Dilshad Shaikhah, Bruce Cowe, Wassim Taleb, Anne Neville, Maalek Mohamed-Said, Richard Barker

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Hydrocarbons still remain as a fundamental contributor towards meeting the worldwide demand for energy, despite the growth of other alternative sources such as renewable and nuclear options. Due to low cost and availability, carbon steel, remains as the most commonly used material for pipelines in down and upstream activities within the oil and gas industry. However, carbon steel is not an exceptional metal alloy from the perspective of internal corrosion resistance. The economical cost for its degradation and related failures represent 10% to 30% of the maintenance budget in petroleum industry. It is therefore crucial that the corrosion of such a susceptible steel is managed and controlled accordingly.

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Inspection of Corrosion Resistant FRP Equipment

Product Number: 51324-20741-SG

Author: Geoff Clarkson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Owners and operators of equipment made from Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) have similar needs to know the Fitness For Service status of this equipment as they do for equipment made from metal alloys. Historically, inspection of this equipment has evaluated the appearance compared to the requirements of construction codes and standards. These methods usually do not provide results that can be used in an engineering analysis that can be verified against Fitness For Service criteria. This paper will provide descriptions of damage that occurs to polymeric structures from service conditions - both chemical and stresses. The damage will be expressed in engineering terms, followed by a brief discussion of how the damage is used in engineering analysis to determine the current status of the equipment, remaining life and the urgency of any repairs or remediation. Some comparison to historical inspection will be provided. The paper will then discuss inspection methods that can provide the damage data in forms that can be used for engineering assessment of the equipment.

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Instant-Off Potentials Underestimate Cathodic Protection Levels on Pipelines

Product Number: 51323-19083-SG

Author: Peter Haas

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cathodic protection (CP) is used to prevent external corrosion on underground pipelines. The effectiveness of CP is commonly evaluated by measuring the DC potential (voltage) of the pipeline with respect to a reference electrode located on the surface of the earth above the pipeline. Criteria used to interpret pipeline potential measurements are given by Section 6 of NACE SP-0169-2013 “Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems.

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Insulation Driven Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel

Product Number: 51324-20914-SG

Author: Matt Krantz; Yuan Li

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Over the past decade, an increasing number of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) incidents have been observed on carbon steel assets operating in Alberta, Canada. At the time of publication, over 128 distinct cracks have been identified on 26 assets spanning at least 5 operators. All incidents have occurred on uncoated carbon steel operating between 70 °C and 190 °C and exposed to wet mineral wool insulation. Both piping and pressure vessels have been affected. Cracking has been isolated to assets with mineral wool insulation produced after 2003; however, a specific change to mineral wool composition in this timeframe has not been identified. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of incidents and investigations that have been reported to date and to update the environmental conditions (window of susceptibility) where insulation driven intergranular stress corrosion cracking has been observed. By drawing attention to this issue, it is the authors’ objective to increase awareness and determine if similar cracking incidents are occurring in other geographical regions.

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Insulations Ageing & CUI Implications - A Comparison of Lab & Field Samples

Product Number: 51324-21093-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana; Shahzad Karim; Salwa AlAchkar; Graham Brigham; Syed Umair Niaz Bukhari

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is among the leading damage mechanisms in the hydrocarbon industry and its prediction has reportedly been ambiguous as that relies on many unknown unknowns. Insulation condition is one of the key factors in predicting the CUI risk in a modern-day risk-based inspection (RBI) program. On the other hand, there is not much clarity on predicting the insulation condition as the insulation(s) generally tend to change their physical properties while being subjected to heat and external environmental conditions. Also, there are no established baselines to gauge the extent of aging of insulations for accurate prediction of CUI risk(s). This study attempts to compare the aging behavior/ condition of two commonly used types of insulations namely mineral wool and Calcium silicate (CalSil) as they were subjected to aging in (a) lab setting and (b) field environment. To account for aging behaviors, the leachates were prepared per ASTM C871 followed by Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy and corrosion tests via three different methods namely autoclave immersion tests, ASTM C1617 dripping tests and ASTM G189-07 CUI simulation tests. The corroded steel samples from each test configuration and candidate insulations were further characterized by weight loss methods to establish corrosion rate followed by confocal laser topography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to understand the corrosion modes.

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Integrated Coating System For Corrosion Protection Of Carbon Steel In Artificial Geothermal Brine

Product Number: 51322-17708-SG

Author: Gabriela Aristia, Le Quynh Hoa, Ralph Bäßler

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Geothermal energy is a promising choice for alternative energy resources due to its reliability and low CO₂ emissions. One way to harness this energy, is to extract hot fluid from a geothermal well. Geothermal fluids are a complex medium with different physical and chemical properties depending on the location and depth of a geothermal well. Thus, these fluids can be corrosive to the geothermal power plant depending on the corrosivity class. The geothermal power plant consists of various parts, such as pipelines and heat exchangers. For continuous power generation, this power plant should be safe and durable. Therefore, it is important to protect the infrastructure in this environment from corrosion.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance