AMPP Store - AMPP Conference Papers

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Effect of Critical Alloying Elements and Impact of Various Corrodants on Steels and Alloys in Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biorefining Conditions

Product Number: 51324-21224-SG

Author: Minkang Liu; Yimin Zeng

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrothermal liquefaction represents a promising thermochemical technology for the conversion of wet biomass and biowaste streams into bioenergy products. However, the realization of its full potential is impeded by significant knowledge gaps related to corrosion damage experienced by reactors in the conversion environment. In this study, we investigated the influence of alloying elements on corrosion processes through a combination of thermodynamic calculations and autoclave tests. The impact of various amount of corrodants were also assessed. Our findings indicate that chromium plays a dominant role in corrosion resistance in both Fe-based steels and nickel-based alloys. Additionally, the corrosion resistance of a specific nickel-based alloy, UNS N08825, also depends on the existence of corrodants and amount of chromium present, leading to varying performance in different HTL conversion environments.

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Effect of Cure Time on Corrosion Protection of Epoxy Polysiloxanes in Immersion Service

Product Number: 51323-19091-SG

Author: Carter Gulsvig, Allen Skaja, Bobbi Jo Merten

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion prevention on infrastructure subject to water immersion exposure has become more challenging due to the regulation of volatile organic compound (VOC) content in protective coatings. Legacy coating systems, such as vinyl solutions, afforded service lives of 30 to 50 years and were robust enough to endure cyclic exposure in impacted immersion service and stable against ultraviolet (UV) light exposure in atmospheric environments. Coal tar enamels are anoth er historic coating that has provided 50- to 100-year service lives as liners for small and large diameter pipes.

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Effect of Curing Time on the Performance of Novolac Internal Tank Coatings - a Realistic Assessment Using Laboratory Testing

Product Number: 51324-20588-SG

Author: Amal Al-Borno; Moavin Islam; A. Al Hashem; Hasan Sabri

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Novolac coating systems are widely used for internal applications in tanks and pressure vessels due to their excellent corrosion resistance under aggressive conditions, their availability, and ease of application. Typically, these coatings require a curing time before putting the coating into service is typically around 7-8 days at (at 20-25o C). During the vessel shutdown, the production schedule sometimes demands compromising the curing process of the lining. This puts a time constraint on the end-user in terms of coating project duration. In response to this challenge, a major oil producing company was interested in finding out if shorter curing times would be suitable to reduce the downtime. The main objective of this study was to conduct a detailed laboratory investigation on the effect of different curing times on the coating performance of four Novolac systems selected from three different manufacturers. The assessment of coating curing involved a series of tests, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analyses, shore-D Hardness, X-cut adhesion, and pull-off adhesion tests. Additionally, standard laboratory coating performance tests were carried out, consisting of water immersion, cathodic disbondment, autoclave in multi-phase environments at elevated pressure and temperature, as well as atlas cell (cold-wall effect) tests. The investigation results demonstrated that even though the coatings were not fully cured, all four coating systems showed acceptable laboratory performance, after just 1 day of curing. This implies that these coatings may be put into service much earlier than the specified curing period of manufacturer which would significantly reduce the project downtime during maintenance. Subsequent field test results (not reported here) confirmed the laboratory findings.

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Effect of DCB Side Groove Geometry on KIssc Results

Product Number: 51323-19469-SG

Author: Sebastián Cravero, Maria José Cancio, Martín Valdez, Gustavo Kissner, Pedro Olivo

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Due to the increasing interest of the O&G industry on high grade tubulars working at high pressures, the assessment of operational conditions of Oil country Tubular Goods (OCTG) subjected to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) is of particular importance.

AMPP adopts different test methods to evaluate material susceptibility to SSC in wet H2S environments, for which, Method D according to NACE TM0177 determines a quantitative value of material resistance using a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimen that can be used for design and qualification purposes. This is a crack arrest type fracture mechanics test that can be traced back to the work of Heady in 1977 in which the material resistance to propagation of environmental cracks is expressed in terms of a critical stress intensity factor, KIssc.

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Effect Of Deleterious Grain Boundary Phase In N07725 On HISC Resistance And Performance Of An Optimized Alloy

Product Number: 51323-19252-SG

Author: Andreas Keplinger, Greg Chitwood, Jan Platl, Marianne Kapp

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Precipitation hardened (PH) nickel-base alloys are frequently used as engineering materials in the Oil & Gas industry. They excel because of their outstanding combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. In that regard, alloy N07725 is of high interest as it offers better corrosion resistance than the widely used N07718, while also offering better high temperature strength than solid-solution nickel-base alloys.

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Effect Of Dissolved Oxygen On Carbon Steel Corrosion And Particulate Formation In Water Injection Systems. Part 2: Rotating Cage Experiments

Product Number: 51324-20817-SG

Author: Jose Vera; Ken Evans; Conchita Mendez

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Seawater treatment for secondary recovery injection typically includes controlling the dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) below 20 ppb using a combination of mechanical deaeration and oxygen scavenger injection. However, upsets can occur during operation, which may temporarily increase DOC above the specified values. These DOC excursions may not only significantly increase corrosion rates but also produce corrosion product particles in suspension. The potential influence of suspended particles produced by corrosion in water injection systems’ performance during water injection operations is not well understood. An electrochemically modified rotating cage autoclave (RCA) setup was used in conjunction with a particle analyzer instrument to correlate dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC), corrosion rates and particulate formation in real-time. Dissolved oxygen and pH were also continuously monitored throughout the tests. All testing was performed in a seawater simulant brine at 32°C. The effect of consecutive DOC excursions from 20 ppb to either 100 ppb or 1000 ppb were evaluated at two different flow velocities. The key findings from the testing can be summarized as follows: (1) there is a clear and significant interaction between flow velocity and the corrosion rates caused by the DOC excursions, which is not considered in the available predictive models; (2) localized corrosion was observed mainly on tests with 1000 ppb excursions; (3) The suspended particle concentration starts to increase after the total accumulated iron produced by corrosion reaches a minimum value, usually shortly after the first DOC excursion, and the mean particle size increases, reaching a maximum between 20 and 50 µm.

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Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Carbon Steel Corrosion and Particulate Formation. Part 1: Rotating Cylinder Electrode Experiments

Product Number: 51324-20718-SG

Author: K. J. Evans; J. Vera; C. Mendez

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC) in seawater injection systems is typically maintained near 10 to 20 ppb. However, these systems can experience DOC excursions that temporarily rise into the 100 to 1000 ppb range. The use of carbon steel piping in some systems is known to result in elevated corrosion rates during upset periods in which DOC increases. However, the particles that are generated from corrosion products during upset conditions are not well characterized or understood. The importance of understanding corrosion-generated particles relates to the plugging of the injection lines, which can lead to costly work-overs of the injection well. The main objective of this work is to examine the impact of DOC excursions on steel corrosion and iron-based particulates that form as a result of corrosion. A rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) electrochemical setup was implemented in conjunction with a particle analyzer instrument to make these correlations in real-time under controlled hydrodynamic conditions. Dissolved oxygen and pH were also continuously monitored throughout the tests. All testing was performed in a seawater simulant brine at 32°C. The key findings from the testing can be summarized accordingly: (1) particle sizes in the 20 to 30 µm range tended to concentrate when the DOC was raised to 1000 ppb; (2) localized corrosion was able to develop on the steel electrodes due to breakdown of a semi-protective film that formed over time; (3) DOC excursions may lead to irreversible increases in the baseline corrosion rate after dissolved oxygen is reduced back to low levels (e.g., 20 ppb).

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Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of Low Alloy Steels in Saltwater with Cathodic Protection Environment

Product Number: 51323-18913-SG

Author: Arshad Bajvani Gavanluei, Jenny Crump, Joseph Wilhelmi, Jack Smith, Paul D. Bunch

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Low alloy steels (LAS) are widely used in the marine and offshore oil and gas industry for various applications from bolting to large pressure containing heavy wall forgings. These materials are subject to various types of corrosion (general or uniform, pitting, crevice, etc.) and degradation in seawater environment. However, their selection for the applications, in comparison with stainless steels and corrosion resistant alloys, is justified due to their availability, manufacturability, proven service history, and lower cost.

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Effect Of Dissolved Oxygen On The SCC Susceptibility And Oxidation Of Cold-Worked 316L SS In PWR Primary Water

Product Number: ED22-17254-SG

Author: Thalita De Paula, Cécilie Duhamel, Catherine Guerre, Jérôme Crépin, Ian De Curières, Frédéric Datcharry, Marc Maisonneuve

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Austenitic stainless steels (SS), such as 304L and 316L alloys, are largely used for structural components in nuclear power plants due to their good corrosion resistance, especially under high temperatures and aqueous environments. However, operational experience on the primary circuit of pressurized water reactors (PWRs) has shown an increasing number of cases of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) on austenitic stainless steels components after long-term exposure.

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Effect of Drying on Corrosion Mitigation of Hanford Transfer Lines

Product Number: 51324-20794-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla; Joshua Boerstler; Roderick E. Fuentes; Bruce J. Wiersma; Crystal Girardot

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Radioactive waste is stored in underground, carbon-steel double-shell tanks at the Department of Energy Hanford site. The waste is transferred between the tanks and other assets using the transfer lines spanning throughout the various tank farms at Hanford. The transfer lines consist of a pipe-in-pipe design, small diameter pipes, and are not piggable. Recent inspection data of the transfer lines have shown areas with corrosion on both interior of the encasements and exterior of the primary pipes, with nearly 50 percent wall loss on the primary pipes and nearly 25% wall loss on the encasement pipes due to pitting corrosion. The visual inspections of the transfer lines have shown presence of corrosion products near the pipeline risers and beyond. It has been hypothesized that the corrosion is predominantly due to the high humidity conditions and in some cases is driven by the presence of residual hydrotest water in the encasement and the associated contact with the safety significant primary pipe. Therefore, drying of the transfer lines could lead to corrosion mitigation. Experimental studies are being conducted to understand the effect of environmental conditions, especially, relative humidity and temperature, on transfer line grade carbon steel corrosion and on mitigating corrosion. The experimental conditions are selected based on the seasonal temperature changes, and relative humidity conditions ranging from 30 to 100 percent. The experimental data will be used as guidance for maintaining a dry environment that will help mitigate the transfer-line corrosion caused by the high humidity conditions.

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Effect of Early and Late Presence of Sulfate Ions on Steel Corrosion Development in Alkaline Solution

Product Number: 51323-18957-SG

Author: Dorsa Fatemeh Sarab, Samanbar Permeh, Kingsley Lau

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Effective highway bridge design in terms of strength, service, and economy can be made using prestressed concrete including post-tensioned (PT) construction.1-2 Bonded PT bridge designs incorporate high strength steel strand within tendon ducts and encapsulated with cementitious grout.3-4 The grout provides a protective barrier layer for the steel by preventing direct exposure to the external environment as well as facilitating the natural development of a thin passive oxide layer on the steel surface in presence of the high grout pore water pH.

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Effect of Elevated Temperatures (30-80°C) on CO2 Corrosion after Intermittent Oil/Water Wetting

Product Number: 51324-20967-SG

Author: Neda Norooziasl; David Young; Bruce Brown; Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The main goal of this research is to electrochemically determine the influence of temperature elevation (30 °C - 80 °C) on the wetting state and corrosion behavior of mild steel during intermittent oil/water wetting. The results obtained in separate experiments demonstrated that the corrosion mitigation effect of an oil phase (LVT-200 model oil) containing myristic acid (surface-active compound representing naturally occurring oxygen-containing compounds in crude oils) on CO2 corrosion decreased with temperature after intermittent wetting. The influence of the same temperature range on interfacial properties during intermittent oil/water wetting such as oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) and oil-in-water contact angle were also investigated. For model oil containing myristic acid, the IFT value was unchanged with temperature and could not be correlated to the corrosion rate. In the presence of the oil phase, the surface became more hydrophilic at 55 °C, which diminished the adsorption and persistency of the oil layer and decreased the corrosion mitigation effect. The effect of temperature on IFT and contact angle can depend on the nature of oil and surface-active compound.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance