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Corrosion Assessment to Extend Vessel Continuous Operation Subsequent to Depleted Anodes Indications

Product Number: 51323-18992-SG

Author: Muntathir M. Al-Jumaah, Usman Shahzad, Mamdouh H. Hadi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In gas-oil separation plants (GOSPs), multiphase crude is separated, degassed and then dehydrated before being shipped to stabilization plants for further processing. Typically, in ageing oil fields, the crude is accompanied by large volumes of formation water that is separated in GOSPs using three-phase production traps, which are large horizontal vessels, using a gravimetric separation process where water collects and settles at the vessel’s lower part.

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Corrosion behavior assessment and comparison of UNS S31603 stainless steel, nickel-titanium shape memory alloy, and Al2Cr5Cu5Fe53Ni35 high-entropy alloy in biomedical environments

Product Number: 51323-19413-SG

Author: Olivia Esmacher, Deeparekha Narayanan, Marcelo Paredes, Homero Castaneda

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Materials selection in the biomedical sector has become a critical area of research, and the care and treatment of patients need to be continuously improved as technology advances. There is a broad range of such applications for metals in the current state of the industry, including dentistry and orthodontics, surgical tools, implants, stents, and bone staples and screws. Each of these applications entails a unique environment within the human body, and as new alloys are developed, it is crucial to understand their degradation behavior and response when exposed to the harsh conditions found throughout biomedical applications.

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Corrosion Behavior of Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys in Molten NaNO3-KNO3 Salt Mixture and Vapor

Product Number: 51323-18909-SG

Author: Qingyang Liu, Frederick Pessu

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The serious challenges for harvesting solar energy from solar power tower is the inherent intermittence caused by altering of day and night and by the weather event changes, posing a significant threat to the continuous supply of solar electricity. The most promising solution explored by the researchers during the last few decades would be integrating the thermal storage system with the Concentrated Solar Power Plant (CSP) to stabilise and provide the high-quality electrical energy at night or anytime without sufficient solar irradiance. Typical thermal energy storage system enables the CSP plants to store solar energy by heating the sensible storage medium, like molten nitrate salt in a hot tank.

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Corrosion Behavior of Martensite-Based Stainless Steels in Chloride Solutions Saturated with CO2 Containing Impurity Gases

Product Number: 51323-18908-SG

Author: Yuichi Kamo, Kenichiro Eguchi, Hiroyuki Takai

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a countermeasure for the global warming issue, and the number of CCS projects has increased. One type of CCS is Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), in which CO2 is injected into oil or natural gas reservoirs. Because formation water, which usually has a high concentration of chloride, exists at the bottom of these reservoirs, the injection tubing will suffer corrosion when the formation water flows back to the tubing. Stainless steels have been applied as tubing materials for Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG), and showed excellent corrosion resistance under high temperature and high CO2 pressure conditions. Martensite-based stainless steels bearing 13 mass% Cr to 17 mass% Cr are one of these tubing materials and are also expected to be used in CO2 injection tubing.

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Corrosion Behavior Of Stainless Steel Food Processing Equipment In Low Ph Environments

Product Number: 51322-17783-SG

Author: Suresh Divi, Harbinder Pordal

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Food consists mainly of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Processed foods contain diverse aqueous solutions, syrups, and additives, used to improve food appearance, taste, quality and preservation. They have a wide pH range, components such as, salt, water, and vinegar impact food corrosivity.

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Corrosion Behavior Of Welded Austenitic Stainless Steels In Coastal Atmospheric Environment

Product Number: ED22-18359-SG

Author: Mei-Lin Chen, Tsung-Kuang Yeh, Mei-Ya Wang

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Austenitic stainless steels (SS) are the candidate materials for dry storage canisters. In general, high corrosion resistance is one of the advantageous properties of austenitic stainless steels. However, austenitic stainless steels are susceptible to chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) when three criteria are satisfied: susceptible materials, tensile stress and corrosive environments. Dry storage canisters are located at a coastal site in Taiwan, as a result, canisters are exposed to high concentration of moisture and chloride salts under atmospheric environments.

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Corrosion Behavior of Zinc Cold Spray Coatings (ZnCr & ZnNb) in a Simulated Natural Gas Environment Containing H2O, CO2, and H2S

Product Number: 51324-20451-SG

Author: Zineb Belarbi; Richard E. Chinn; Ömer N. Doğan

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Internal corrosion and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) are problems for steel pipelines transporting natural gas or CO2 containing partial pressures of H2S higher than 0.3 kPa (0.05 psi). The objective of this work is to mitigate internal corrosion and SSC in steel pipelines transporting natural gas containing H2S using cold spray coatings. Two types of the cold spray binary metallic coatings (zinc chromium (ZnCr), zinc niobium (ZnNb)) were studied using electrochemical techniques: potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The evaluation of the corrosion resistance of cold spray coatings (ZnCr, ZnNb) was carried out in an environment containing 4 bar CO2 pressure, simulating the partial pressures that are found in gas transmission lines over a solution of 3.5 wt.% NaCl heated to 40 °C. To simulate sour conditions, a concentration of 0.003 M Na2S2O3.5H2O, which corresponds to H2S partial pressures around 0.079 bar (1.146 psi), was used. Post-corrosion surface characterization was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The data showed that the presence of 0.003 M Na2S2O3.5H2O shifted the corrosion potential to more anodic values and decreased the corrosion current density. Bothcoatings showed similar behavior after 1 hour of exposure in CO2/H2S environment, which indicated that similar electrochemical reactions were taking place on ZnNb and ZnCr. SEM images and EDS surface analyses for specimens showed a significant change in surface chemical composition of carbon steel coated with ZnNb and ZnCr, after 24 hours of immersion. No localized attack was observed. The EDS analysis and XRD results revealed the presence of zinc sulfide (ZnS).

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Corrosion Behaviour and Studies on Effect of Electric Arc Furnace Dust Addition on Porosity and Chloride Diffusion in Concrete

Product Number: 51324-20421-SG

Author: Fahad M. Al Mutlaq; Saad A. Al-Shehri; Saud Al Subai

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The rate of deterioration of concrete structures is normally affected by the rate at which harmful substances can penetrate into the concrete. Aggressive substances can move into concrete by different transport mechanisms. The main transport mechanisms that could promote the deterioration of concrete structures are diffusion, permeation, capillary absorption and migration. The rate of chloride penetration into concrete has been found to depend on many factors including the porosity and permeability of concrete. Accordingly, concrete porosity is one of the most important parameters that influences the durability of concrete. Furthermore, when the concrete structures are subjected to aggressive environments such as marine environments the primary transport mechanism of chloride ion ingress is often diffusion. For that reason, the chloride diffusivity and porosity are very important durability parameters since they may play a major role in accelerating deterioration and thus reducing the service life of structure. Intensive experimental works were carried out where cement pastes specimens and concrete mixes were prepared at different w/c ratios mixed with 0, 2 and 3 % Electric Arc Furnace Dust addition. The results are very promising and revealed that addition of Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD) reduced the coarse capillary porosity effectively and improved resistance to chloride ingress into concrete, hence this will improve corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete structures located in aggressive marine environment. More details in the results can be found in this paper.

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Corrosion by Elemental Sulphur Deposition in Natural Gas Transmission Systems

Product Number: 51324-20918-SG

Author: I. Carrillo Salgado

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The presence of orthorhombic elemental sulfur in a natural gas transmission system was detected. Different dust samples were taken from strainers and skids of a fuel gas turbomachinery. The presence of sulfur could cause corrosion problems and damage to the internal combustion system of a turbine. Characterization analyses were conducted to identify the principles and mechanisms associated with the formation and deposition of elemental sulfur in natural gas transmission and related equipment. Scanning electron microscopy / energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray diffraction were performed. Physicochemical parameters characterization by colorimetric methods on the samples was also done. The results suggest three potential deposition mechanisms: chemical reaction, condensate formation, and desublimation of sulfur. Each mechanism could interact with one or both of the others. This research has demonstrated that only sub-ppm levels of sulfur vapor within a gas stream are required to initiate the elemental sulfur formation/deposition process. However, the sulfur deposition could cause severe corrosion in the presence of free water. Recommendations were made to reduce the effect of the elemental sulfur deposition in the turbomachinery and associated gas natural transmission pipelines.

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Corrosion Challenges in Aromatic Extraction Unit

Product Number: MECC23-20253-SG

Author: Ameer Hamza; Rakan M Samman

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Extraction units are typically utilizing the solvents to dissolve the aromatics compounds such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes from hydrocarbon stream. These solvents are organo-sulfur compound which is readily soluble in the water due to high polarity of oxygen-sulfur compounds.

Fresh solvents are not considered to be corrosive for carbon steel and stainless-steel components, however improper application and handling of this solvents will result in degradation of this products.

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Corrosion Challenges in Processing Crude Oils: Influence of Active Sulfur Species and Corrosion Rates of Various Alloys

Product Number: 51324-21207-SG

Author: Yuhchae Yoon; Hui Li; Russell D. Kane

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The depletion of conventional sweet oil resources has led to increased attention towards sour and acidic oil sources, which typically consist of lower-quality, corrosive crude oils with elevated concentrations of naphthenic acids and sulfur compounds. They are often referred to as “opportunity crudes” since they come at a lower price to refiners, but if successfully processed, they can result in a higher margin to the refinery. This paper focuses on an investigation of the impact of active sulfur species present in crude oils during processing. Corrosion rates of several common alloys were evaluated under stirred/pipe flow conditions in autoclaves. The experimental conditions closely simulated relevant refinery environments, encompassing temperatures ranging from 200°C to 370°C. The study assessed the influence of temperature, wall shear stress (WSS), and active sulfur content on corrosion rates. The results were derived from a comprehensive Joint Industry Program (JIP) conducted to quantify the influence of crude oil chemistry on naphthenic acid corrosion, understand the contributions of active sulfur chemistry to protection and FeS scale formation. The program also assessed the ability to resist naphthenic acid corrosion by utilizing beneficial sulfur speciation in the context of operational factors such as temperature and wall shear stress to build a prediction model to characterize the active sulfur level as a function of sulfur compound concentration and temperature, which is further utilized to predict corrosion rates of multiple alloys.

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Corrosion Challenges On Tank Bottom Plate

Product Number: 51323-19387-SG

Author: Ameer Hamza, Rakan M Samman

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Subsequent failure due to corrosion, particularly on storage tanks bottom plates for molten sulphur tanks, is one of the main factors upsetting any production facilities.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance