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07456 CHLORIDE-INDUCED LOCALIZED CORROSION OF CONVECTION SIDE WALL TUBE IN LOW PRESSURE PACKAGE BOILER

Picture for 07456 CHLORIDE-INDUCED LOCALIZED CORROSION OF CONVECTION SIDE WALL TUBE IN LOW PRESSURE PACKAGE BOIL
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Product Number: 51300-07456-SG
ISBN: 07456 2007 CP
Author: A.K. Bairamov and Saud G. AI-Subai,
Publication Date: 2007
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Several leaks were observed in wall tubes located in the convection section of a package boiler after being in service for about 22 years. The design capacity of the boiler is 137 tons per hour (124.3 Megagrams per hour) at a maximum pressure of 15.6 barg (16 kg/cmz) and design temperature of 397OF (203OC). The failures occurred on the internal surfaces facing the hot gas at localized pits with hemispherical bottoms. Large tubercles, 0.43-inches (I 1 mm) in height and 0.24 to 0.47-inches (6 to 12 mm) in diameter, formed above the observed pits. The results of metallographic, SEMIEDS and XRD analyses are presented and discussed in this paper. A schematic model of a developed tubercle showing the individual layers and the distribution of detected elements in these layers is also presented. It was concluded that the tubes failed due to the presence of chlorides from sea water that contaminated the boiler feed water. Seawater contamination was caused by the severe corrosion damage of cupro-nickel tubes in the evaporator by shell side steam.
Several leaks were observed in wall tubes located in the convection section of a package boiler after being in service for about 22 years. The design capacity of the boiler is 137 tons per hour (124.3 Megagrams per hour) at a maximum pressure of 15.6 barg (16 kg/cmz) and design temperature of 397OF (203OC). The failures occurred on the internal surfaces facing the hot gas at localized pits with hemispherical bottoms. Large tubercles, 0.43-inches (I 1 mm) in height and 0.24 to 0.47-inches (6 to 12 mm) in diameter, formed above the observed pits. The results of metallographic, SEMIEDS and XRD analyses are presented and discussed in this paper. A schematic model of a developed tubercle showing the individual layers and the distribution of detected elements in these layers is also presented. It was concluded that the tubes failed due to the presence of chlorides from sea water that contaminated the boiler feed water. Seawater contamination was caused by the severe corrosion damage of cupro-nickel tubes in the evaporator by shell side steam.
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07447 CORROSION AND STRESS RELATED BOILER TUBE FAILURES CASE HISTORIES

Product Number: 51300-07447-SG
ISBN: 07447 2007 CP
Author: E. M. Labuda, D. A. Cline, and E. H. Hull,
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07450 FAILURE ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION METHODS FOR BOILER TUBE FAILURES

Product Number: 51300-07450-SG
ISBN: 07450 2007 CP
Author: Mehrooz Zamanzadeh, Edward S. Larkin, George T. Bayer, and William J. Linhart
Publication Date: 2007
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Failure analysis methodology is applied to the principal mechanisms by which boiler tubes fail during service.  sThe failure analysis procedure, or methodology for evaluation, is provided in a step by step approach.  Among the case histories discussed are: fatigue, erosion, short-term overheating, and hydrogen damage.
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07451 Caustic Gouging in a Refinery Boiler - Root Cause and Remediation

Product Number: 51300-07451-SG
ISBN: 07451 2007 CP
Author: Stephen P. Wood, William J. Algeo, Robert A. Call, and Thomas M. Laronge
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