AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Hydrogen Permeation and Binding Energy Study on OCTG High Strength Steel

Product Number: 51319-12908-SG

Author: Elizabeth Trillo

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) high strength steels are susceptible to hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) due to hydrogen ingress as a result of exposure to environmental conditions (cathodic protection (CP) and/or H2S environments) and as such are prone to failure. In order to address the potential cracking susceptibility a study was performed to understand fundamental parameters such as steady state hydrogen permeation flux hydrogen concentrations and hydrogen trap binding energies of the high strength steel under charging conditions. Electrochemical permeation testing was performed on unstressed and 80%AYS stressed C110 pipe steel using an applied charging current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 in a 1M H2SO4 test solution at 75 F. Comparisons between the stressed and unstressed samples showed that there were no significant differences in steady state flux (Jss) and calculated hydrogen concentration for this charging condition. Further testing was performed to measure hydrogen uptake and time to saturation under the same charging conditions using the Si Oil Method. Subsequent laser thermal desorption spectroscopy (LTDS) was performed at the saturation point and at several temperature scan rates in order to calculate the hydrogen trap binding energies (Eb). Similar testing was performed on P110 material to assess the possibility that differences in Eb are detectable and relatable to HAC.Key words: High Strength Steels Electrochemical Permeation Testing Hydrogen Assisted Cracking CP environment.

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Hydrogen Pipeline In-Line Inspection Case Study

Product Number: 51321-16820-SG

Author: Russell D. Morris; Tod Barker

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance Of High Strength Alloys For Subsea Fasteners

Product Number: 51321-16709-SG

Author: Thierry Cassagne, Dominique Thierry

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Bolted connections for subsea flanges and other components must be reliable as they are often used for pressure containing components (subsea Christmas trees, connectors …). When possible, the primary choice for bolting is low-alloy steel with a limitation of actual yield strength (135 ksi) and a maximum hardness of 34 HRC to prevent HSC.

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Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance of Precipitation Hardenable Nickel Alloys and Optimization

Product Number: 51324-20719-SG

Author: Stephen McCoy; Brian A. Baker; William MacDonald

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The material trend in the Oil & Gas sector is for high strength materials with high levels of corrosion resistance to resist increasingly harsh sour downhole environments. Compared to sweet wells the presence of hydrogen sulphide, elemental sulphur and hydrogen generally requires material selection of tubular and bar products in high performance stainless steels and nickel base alloys to withstand the pressures and temperatures. The materials of choice must be corrosion resistant, cost effective, reliable and have the strength required for the well design conditions. The material selection for downhole and well head equipment such as hangers, sub-surface safety valves, pumps and packers require age-hardenable materials to obtain the strength in heavier cross sections which cannot be strengthened by cold work. The commonly used nickel alloys for the sour service applications are alloy UNS N09925 (925), alloy UNS N07718 (718) and alloy UNS N07725 (725) with the more recently developed alloy UNS N09945 (945) and alloy UNS N09946 (945X) designed for HP/HT and sour wells. The metallurgical stability and freedom from detrimental phases of these materials being increasingly important to optimise the mechanical and corrosion resistant properties, particularly as larger section thicknesses of higher strength materials. The effect of the microstructure of these materials is shown to have a significant effect on the resistance to hydrogen attack and corrosion in sour environments. Optimising the compositional control, thermomechanical processing and microstructure is shown to give significant improvements in resistance to sour corrosion and hydrogen stress cracking resistance of materials used for critical downhole components. Over recent years there has been increasing industry demand to improve quality control and categorise the various PH Nickel alloy grades resistance to Hydrogen Stress Cracking (HSC) for critical High Pressure-High Temperature environments. HSC is a complex corrosion mechanism with many factors including composition, strength, microstructure, and grain boundary cleanliness influencing susceptibility. Evaluation efforts have used multiple techniques to measure the effects of HSC resistance, with this paper focusing on the Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT) method according to TM0198 Method C(1) and using the quality control standard API*6ACRA(2). The purpose of the paper is to present results using the TM0198:C slow strain rate test method in a hydrogen charging environment and show the HSC resistance of the grades 925, 718, 945, 945X, and 725. This paper shows how the composition can be controlled within the defined limits of the alloy grade to optimise the HSC resistance by reducing precipitation of deleterious phases and reduce mill heat batch variation. The SSRT results are compared with mechanical properties determined according to API6ACRA(2) and detailed microstructural analysis.

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Hydrogen Trapping in Heat Treated and Deformed Armco Iron

Product Number: 51319-13083-SG

Author: Wolfgang Siegl

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of microstructure on hydrogen trapping in Armco iron by analyzing the trapping ability of grain boundaries and dislocations. Hydrogen traps were introduced into the material by systematically subjecting it to various grades of heat treatment and mechanical deformation. By combining different treatment steps (annealing at different temperatures cold rolling at various deformation degrees severe plastic deformation) a wide range of different grain sizes and dislocation densities was created.SEM EBSD TEM and XRD imaging were carried out to obtain a detailed characterization of the microstructure and an estimation of dislocation densities.Electrochemical permeation experiments and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) were performed to render a classification and characterization of hydrogen traps. Electrochemical permeation yields information on the diffusivity of hydrogen in the material and the influence of traps on the diffusivity. An experimental setup according to Devanathan and Stachurski was used.TDS allows the estimation of the amount of hydrogen stored in the different traps and the determination of the trap’s binding energy for hydrogen.By combining the information on the microstructure obtained from the material characterization with the results of the permeation experiments and TDS as well as a model based data interpretation the trapping efficiency of grain boundaries and dislocations in iron can be precisely determined.

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Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking of Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing - A Field Failure

Product Number: 51323-19144-SG

Author: Sten B Axelsen, Perry I Nice, Lucrezia Scoppio, Giuseppe Mortali, Berit Sara Schiefloe, Andrea Bufalini

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

A gas injection well completed mid-2019, started leaking after only approximately four months in service. The well was initially back flowed for a period of approximately two months before it was put on gas injection service. After another two months on gas injection, a tubing-to-annulus leakage was registered and the well had to be shut in to re-establish all barriers.

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Hydrogeochemical Modelling to Monitor Scaling and Corrosion during Geothermal Energy Production

Product Number: 51317--9044-SG

ISBN: 9044 2017 CP

Author: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Suitability and potential benefit of using hydrogeochemical modelling to monitor scaling and corrosion during geothermal exploration and production in the high-salinity geothermal area of the North German Basin was explored.

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Hydrophobic Coatings: Water is No Match for Me

Product Number: 51219-210-SG

Author: John Peters

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Framatome identified a need to reduce radioactive contaminants on plant equipment and vendor supplied tooling, through the use of hydrophobic coatings, as a potential cost savings within the Nuclear Industry.

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Hydrophobic Elastometric Coatings for Chemical Resistant Linings

Product Number: 51217-022-SG

Author: Aayush A. Shah, Fabio Aguirre

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Corrosion mitigation by the use of barrier coatings relies on polymers and other substances to minimize the permeation of corrosive agents to the substrate. To achieve good barrier properties, most protective coatings rely on high crosslinking density and special fillers to increase the tortuosity of the film. However, this approach usually leads to highly viscous and brittle coatings that take too long to cure. In contrast, flexible and tough coatings typically do not have the requisite barrier properties for enhanced corrosion prevention.

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Hydrostatic Testing for Pipelines with SCC Threats

Product Number: 51324-20374-SG

Author: Joe Pikas

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrostatic testing or pressure testing has been an accepted industry method for the verification of the integrity of pipelines. Integrity assessment methods can be used for either Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) or other threats such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, this paper will focus on pipelines that have been in-service for a long period of time concerning time dependent threats such as SCC and static type threats. In addition, integrity intervals will be discussed, calculating the length of sections needed, predicted failure pressure with metal loss as determined by ASME B31.G, RSTRENG and reassessment intervals

Hydrothermal Corrosion and High Temperature Steam Oxidation Of Additively Manufactured And PM-HIP FeCrAl Alloys

Product Number: ED22-17148-SG

Author: Rajnikant V. Umretiya, Andrew K. Hoffman, Vipul K. Gupta, Nikole J. Kucza, Evan J. Dolley, Raul B. Rebak, Dan Lutz, Russ M. Fawcett

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Zirconium alloys have been widely used as fuel cladding materials for light water reactors (LWRs) because of their very low absorption cross-section for thermal neutron, good mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance under normal LWR operating conditions. The Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011 revealed the limitation of Zr-alloys in accident scenarios where high temperature steam oxidation led to generation of heat and hydrogen, and destruction of the reactor core. In response to this accident, the nuclear community is considering several approaches such as to develop accident tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding designs that have superior oxidation resistance at high temperatures. ATF cladding materials are studied into two different categories: application of coatings to Zircaloy cladding (near-term technologies) and development of non-Zircaloy monolithic alternative materials (longer-term technologies). A number of studies have demonstrated that ceramic coatings such as, SiC, TiAlCrN, CrN and metallic coating such as, FeCrAl and Cr have excellent resistance to oxidation at higher temperature.

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Ice and Snow, Away We Go! Painting Ships In Cold Winter Conditions

Product Number: 41210-537-SG

Author: S. Mark Edmonds

Publication Date: 2010

$20.00

November to March is a beautiful time of the year in the wintry climate of the United States and Canada. People participate in all kinds of wintertime activities. It is also the time owners of marine vessels working on the Great Lakes use to do repairs and maintenance, including painting. Although the weather during this time poses many challenges, necessity has been the mother of invention in coming up with equipment and products to meet this challenge.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance