AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Effects of Chloride Contamination on Coatings Performance

Product Number: 41212-686-SG

Author: Bobby W. Meade, Sudhir Palle, Theodore Hopwood II

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

The Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC) conducted a study funded by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) to assess the impact of chlorides on bridge coatings performance.

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Effects of Chloride on Copper Corrosion in Reducing Conditions

Product Number: 51319-13134-SG

Author: Xihua He

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)Washington DC 20555Copper (Cu) is a candidate waste container material for high-level radioactive waste geologic disposal systems located in the saturated zone because of its thermodynamic stability in anoxic water. However chemical species in the groundwater could change its stability and electrochemical properties especially corrosion resistance. This study investigated the role of chloride (Cl–) in Cu corrosion in solutions containing sulfate (SO42–) and Cl– with residual oxygen (O2) concentrations of about 0.1–0.2 ppb at 20 °C and 50 °C. SO42– concentration was kept constant at 2000 ppm while Cl– concentration was varied from 0 to 1000 10000 and 100000 ppm. Electrochemical methods including corrosion potential (Ecorr) monitoring potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical properties of Cu affecting corrosion resistance.All the results obtained from different methods consistently demonstrate that Cl– and temperature play significant roles in enhancing corrosion of Cu when O2 concentration is extremely low. Ecorr decreased with increasing Cl− concentration and was lower at 50 °C than at 20 °C. During both forward and reverse potentiodynamic polarization scans Ecorr consistently decreased and the current density increased with increasing Cl− concentration. Tafel slopes from the forward scan regions decreased and the exchange current density increased with increasing Cl− concentration. The EIS data differed in solutions with different Cl− concentration levels and they became more complex at elevated temperatures. A layered film structure was inferred from the EIS data. Polarization resistance derived by fitting to the EIS data was lowest at the highest Cl− concentration which is consistent with increasing corrosion rates with increasing Cl− concentration. The detailed results will be discussed in thepaper.This abstract is an independent product of the CNWRA and does not necessarily reflect the views or regulatory position of NRC. The NRC staff views expressed herein are preliminary and do not constitute a final judgment or determination of the matters addressed or of the acceptability of any licensing action that may be under consideration at NRC.

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Effects of Corrosion and Wildfires on Galvanized Steel Towers: A Case Study with Wildfire and Corrosion Sensors

Product Number: 51324-20844-SG

Author: Mehrooz Zamanzadeh; Anil Kumar Chikkam; George T. Bayer; Clinton Char; Carolyn Tome

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

With the rising prevalence of climate change, utilities are facing increased risk and consequences from accelerated corrosion and wildfires, particularly in the state of California and British Columbia. These fires have the potential to compromise the integrity of galvanized steel lattice towers, widely used in high voltage transmission lines. Considering this, it is crucial for utilities to assess the potential risks and deploy corrosion control and postfire inspection strategies. This paper investigates the effects of corrosion and wildfires on these structures and presents a case study involving real-time monitoring sensors for early risk identification and evaluation. This paper aims to shed light on the challenges posed by wildfires and corrosion to utility structures and provides actionable insights for future preparedness. With escalating concerns about climate change, utilities must adapt their strategies for a more resilient future.

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Effects of Different Corrosion Control Systems and Fluid Services on AST Inspection Practices

Product Number: 51317--9332-SG

ISBN: 9332 2017 CP

Author: Mohammed Lutfallah

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Aboveground Storage Tanks (AST) degradation is mainly caused by bottoms corrosion. The paper includes a case study, where historical inspection records of more than sixty (60) AST with different hydrocarbon fluid services and bottoms corrosion control systems were reviewed and analyzed.

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Effects of Environmental Exposure on Mechanical and Barrier Properties of an Aircraft Coating System

Product Number: 51324-21200-SG

Author: Attilio Arcari; Steven A. Policastro; Rachel M. Anderson; Carlos M. Hangarter; Erick B. Iezzi

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Laboratory and outdoor exposure testing can be used to provide controlled or well-characterized environments for understanding how environmental factors alter coating system properties that can be used to understand systems employed on aircraft. Accurate determination of the state of the coating system would help eliminate unnecessary paint removal operations and thereby reduce worker exposure to, and costs associated with, hazardous materials handling arising from paint removal and repainting operations. A commercial aircraft coating system was exposed to laboratory environmental stressors and outdoor exposure on an atmospheric exposure rack to mimic in-service environments. Equivalent circuit parameter values of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were linked to mechanisms affecting the deterioration of the coating system in response to in-service environmental exposures. Laboratory and outdoor fatigue testing of the coating system and primer coating resulted in cracking of the coating layers. These cracks allowed faster ingress of electrolyte, as seen in EIS measurements, which would shorten the lifespan of the coatings. Area scans using a scanning Kelvin probe instrument were consistent with the EIS interpretation of fatigue degrading the coating barrier properties, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed an increased linear density of pretreatment cracks in the fatigued coating samples.

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Effects of Minor Alloying Elements on the Metal-Dusting Behavior of Ni-Based Alloys

Product Number: 51320-14657-SG

Author: Bingtao Li, Wei-Ting Chen, Brian Gleeson, Heike Hattendorf

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Alloys are often found to suffer much greater metal-dusting attack under high-pressure conditions compared to ambient-pressure conditions. Ultimately, the resistance of a given alloy to metal dusting depends on the formation of an oxide scale that is impermeable to carbon which, in turn, depends on scale composition and structure. This paper reports the metal-dusting behavior of several Ni-based alloys having relatively high Cr contents (about 30 wt.%) and different controlled minor levels of Fe, Al, and/or Si. Testing was conducted under 20 bar total pressure of a high-carbon-activity gas at 600 °C (1112 °F). The exposed alloys were analyzed by SEM and TEM techniques to evaluate the oxide scales and evidence of carbon ingress. It was found that aluminum is beneficial to improve metal dusting resistance by reacting to form a continuous inner layer of alumina; whereas iron is detrimental to resistance. Mechanistic aspects of the role(s) played by minor elements in affecting metal-dusting resistance are considered.

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Effects of NaCl on Corrosion and Cracking Susceptibility of OCTG C110 Steel in Sour Environments

Product Number: 51323-19010-SG

Author: Lianlian Liu, Raymundo Case

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The catastrophic failure of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) carbon steel C110 pipelines can cause huge economic loss and environmental pollution. Most studies reported that sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is the principal failure type of C110 pipelines in sour environments. The mechanism of SSC can be described as follows: The adsorbed H2S on the steel surface can accelerate the hydrogen uptake by accelerating the hydrogen reduction reaction and catalyzing the hydrogen absorption process. The absorbed hydrogen atoms accumulate in the stress-concentrated region.

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Effects of pH Buffer on the Corrosion Behavior of C110 Tubing in Formate Completion Fluid With the Mix of CO2 at High Temperature

Product Number: 51319-13354-SG

Author: Zhiwen Yang

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Recently several localized corrosion and cracking failures happened to API 5CT Grade C110 tubing in high-density formate completion fluid at high temperature because of the leakage of CO2 and the mechanical damage on the tubing surface. In this paper the hydrochemical simulation software is used to calculate the needed content of pH buffer. The corrosion behavior of C110 tubing is investigated by autoclave scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that 1% Na2CO3 and 1%NaHCO3 can maintain the pH of formate completion fluid with the mix of 3 MPa CO2 up to 6.35 which means CO2 corrosion restrained effectively. The simulated experiments show that the general corrosion rate of C110 tubing decreases from 0.49 mm/a to 0.24 mm/a and the C110 tubing have little localized corrosion and cracking susceptibility in formate completion fluid when buffered with 1% Na2CO3 and 1%NaHCO3. The results of XRD and SEM-EDS indicate that the pH buffer is helpful to general compact and effective FeCO3 corrosion product film.

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Effects of Renewable Natural Gas and Hydrogen on Microbially Influenced Corrosion and Souring in Underground Gas Storage

Product Number: 51324-21146-SG

Author: Scott Leleika; Taylor Rambo; Tekle Fida

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A bench scale laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the microbial corrosion and souring effects renewable natural gas (RNG) and natural gas amended with hydrogen have on underground gas storage systems. Steel coupon-containing vials inoculated with produced fluid from an underground storage well were subject to different headspace conditions to simulate underground gas storage. The vials were filled with geologic natural gas, geologic natural gas amended with hydrogen, RNG, and RNG amended with hydrogen. Each condition was subject to molecular (qPCR, and 16S rRNA analysis), liquid chemistry (sulfate and volatile fatty acid), corrosion, and headspace chemistry (major components and trace sulfur) analysis in duplicate at three time points. The results showed that levels of sulfide production, microbial community composition, and coupon mass loss did not differ greatly between the natural gas and RNG conditions. However, the presence of hydrogen did increase the levels of sulfide in both geologic and RNG conditions. There was also evidence of significant biotransformation of hydrogen into an organic acid (formate). This experiment has shown that microbes native to underground storage wells could have an impact on gas quality and corrosion (via hydrogen sulfide production) if hydrogen is introduced.

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Effects of Scratch Defects in Epoxy Coating of Steel Reinforcing Bars Embedded in Structural Concrete

Product Number: 41216-968-SG

Author: Zhicheng Gao, Robert Y. Liang, Anil K.

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

Epoxy coatings provide excellent physical barrier to the steel reinforcing bars that are embedded in reinforced concrete and prevent chloride ions from reaching the bar surface under corrosive environment. Such protection primarily depends on the integrity of the coatings, which can often be damaged during construction. Repair of epoxy coatings can be time consuming and expensive. Therefore, it is important to determine a critical amount of damage that can be tolerated without compromising the capacity of the coatings to provide corrosion protection.

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Effects of Silicon Carbide in Corrosion of A36 Gas Shielded Flux Core Welding

Product Number: 51324-21163-SG

Author: Moe A. Rabea; Herbert Wang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Using Gas Shielded Flux Core welding, a butt joint can be analyzed for surface corrosion. The material used with both of these welding processes in this experiment is 1/4-inch A36 Hot Rolled Flat Bar, cut from a single piece, variations of the stock material are minimized. The material is chosen as it is one of the most prevalent material used in many industries that incorporate heavy steel usage. The flat bar measures 3-inch in width, 1/4-inch in thickness, and are cut into 2-inch test pieces. Two pieces form a single test subject, which are welded together. One set of the test pieces are applied with SiC (Silicon Carbide) before the welding process. Both sets are then welded with Gas Shielded Flux Core welding. The final dimension of the test piece is 1/4-inch x 4-inch x 3-inch. The welded pieces are then subjected to corrosion testing in a salt spray chamber and results are observed. The salt spray chamber is controlled at 1 bar pressure with 180L brine reservoir at 5% NaCl concentration. The temperature is held constant at 45 °C with a humidity of 50%. The test pieces will be subjected to this condition for 96 hours. A parallel corrosion test conducted using 1% HCl solution at ambient temperature, 35 °C, 45°C, and 55°C. The samples are initially weighed and placed in the HCl solution for 24 hours. Weight loss from thermal shock from quenching is also conducted. Subjects are heated to a temperature of 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550°C and quenched for 15 minutes. The final weight is then taken. Microhardness testing is conducted on the weldments. The conclusion of the test reveals that with the incorporation of SiC powder into the welding process, it resulted in less corrosion (weight loss), less weight loss from thermal shock, and increased microhardness.

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Effects of temperature on hydrogen absorption into steel bars by cathodic charging in solution containing ammonium thiocyanate

Product Number: 51323-18931-SG

Author: Takuya Kamisho, Ryuta Ishii, Masayuki Tsuda

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Steel bars used in pre-stressed concrete structures are constantly subjected to tensile stress, and some steel bars have been reported to fracture due to hydrogen embrittlement. It is important to know the hydrogen embrittlement behavior in steel bars to prevent fracture.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance